A NOVEL VIRTUAL KEYBOARD AND UTILITY FOR QURAN TEXT WRITING IN QALOON NARRATION BASED ON AL-DANI SCRIPT BY MUSSA A. ABUDENA A thesis submitted in fulf

النسخ

1 A NOVEL VIRTUAL KEYBOARD AND UTILITY FOR QURAN TEXT WRITING IN QALOON NARRATION BASED ON AL-DANI SCRIPT BY MUSSA A. ABUDENA A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in (Engineering) Kulliyyah of Engineering International Islamic University Malaysia JUNE 2018

2 ABSTRACT Till today, the writing of Quran script is done manually by calligraphers using the traditional techniques (papers and pens). This requires long time and huge effort to produce a complete authentic copy of Quran. After getting the final handwritten version then a digital process (scanning, adding decoration, etc.) is taking place to finalize Quran in its last version (Mushaf). Although Quran is revealed in Arabic language, but, writing Quran scripts require additional Arabic letters and diacritics that should reflect the recitation rules because the Arabic letters and diacritics exist in Arabic computer fonts are not enough for writing Quran. Reciting Quran is mainly based on ten correct and authenticated readings (Qira'at). There are two famous Qira'at of Quran: qira'a of 'Asim in the narration of Hafs, which is widely used over the Islamic world, and secondly the qira'a of Nafi' in the narration of Warsh and the narration of Qaloon that is mainly used in North Africa. In order to store and process data in the computer, data must be encoded. There are different ways to encode data such as ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE and so on. Processing of Arabic data using a computer requires coding of such data using one of the methods of encoding Arabic data such as ISO , CP- 1256, and UNICODE. Although Arabic characters are used in the computer, but they do not cover all letters and diacritics which need to write Quran and indicating the differences in reading (Qira'at). There are few attempts for writing the Quran using computer. In addition, there is neither physical or virtual keyboard nor a font of computer assigned to write the Quran corresponding to the Uthmanic font for narration Qaloon based on Al-dani script up to date. The mission of this research has been accomplished by inventing a novel virtual keyboard and Utility to facilitate and to computerize writing of Quran script and overcome the current weaknesses. Redesigning all the letters and diacritics that were already exist in Arabic fonts (but not convenient with Al-dani script). Designing all the letters and diacritics that related to Al-dani script. Preparing the map of characters using the Unicode for each character. Implementing the Utility that produced in its initial form (Al-dani Quranic font). Enhancing the Utility in addition of accurate positioning of diacritics and marks over or below the letters that to facilitate the reciting of Quran without mistakes. Designing and implementing a new virtual keyboard (Al-dani Quranic keyboard) to write samples of holy Quran with assistance of the Utility, and compared them with the hand-written Quran, a perfect match between them has been found. An experiment was conducted to write pages from the Quran using a group of individuals, a good results was obtained as it was found that the time needed to write the whole Quran by one person using computer equal 3 to 4 percent only from the time needed to write the whole Quran handwritten by the calligrapher which fulfilment of the requirements of reducing the time, cost, and effort. iii

3 خالصة البحث ABSTRACT IN ARABIC منذ نزول القرآن على سيدان حممد صلى هللا عليه وسلم- وحىت يومنا هذا الزالتكتابة القرآن الكرمي تتم يدواي بواسطة خطاطني مهرة مستخدمني يف ذلك الطرق التقليدية للكتابة مثل الورق واألقالم واحلرب. وهذا يتطلب وقتا طويال وجهدا عظيما لكتابة نسخة موثوقة للقرآن الكرمي. وبعد اكتمال النسخة اليدوية للمصحف تتم عليها العديد من العمليات الرقميةكاملسح الضوئي وإضافة الزخارف وغريها لطباعة املصحف يف صورته النهائية. نزل القرآن ابللةة العربية ولكن كتابة القرآن حتتاج إىل حروف وعالمات عربية إضافية مراعاة ألحكام تالوة القرآن الكرمي وجتويده وذلك ألن احلروف واحلركات العربية املوجودة حاليا يف اخلطوط احلاسوبية غريكافية لكتابة القرآن الكرمي ابستخدام احلاسوب. يتلو املسلمون القرآن وفقا لعشر قراءات صحيحة وموثوقة. أشهر قراءتني للقرآن مها: قراءة عاصم من رواية حفص عنه وهي الرواية األكثر انتشارا يف العامل اإلسالمي وقراءة انفع من رواييت ورش وقالون عنه واللتني تنتشران بصورة واسعة يف دول الشمال اإلفريقي. ومن أجل ختزين البياانت ومعاجلتها داخل احلاسوب جيب ترميز هذه البياانت.كما يوجد العديد من طرق ترميز البياانت ومنها: ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE وغريها. تتطلب معاجلة البياانت العربية داخل احلاسوب ترميز هذه البياانت ابستخدام إحدى طرق ترميز البياانت العربية ومن أمثلتها: ISO , CP-1256,. UNICODE وابلرغم من استخدام احلروف العربية يف احلاسوب لكنها ال تةطي كل احلروف واحلركات الالزمة لكتابة القرآن الكرمي بقراءاته املتعددة. هناك حماوالت قليلة جدا بذلت من أجلكتابة القرآن الكرمي ابستخدام احلاسب اآليل. ابإلضافة إىل ذلك ال توجد لوحة مفاتيح حقيقية أو افرتاضية وال يوجد خط حاسويب لكتابة القرآن الكرمي ابلرسم العثماين لرواية قالون برسم الداين حىت يومنا هذا. مت إجناز مهمة هذا البحث وهي اعداد لوحة مفاتيح افرتاضية جديدة واخرتاع أداة مساعدة لتسهيل كتابة القرآن الكرمي ابستخدام احلاسب اآليل وتفادي نقاط الضعف يف الكتابة اليدوية للقرآن. حيث مت إعادة تصميم احلروف والعالمات املوجودة يف اخلطوط احلاسوبية العربية )ولكنها غري متالئمة مع رسم الداين( لتصبح مالئمة لكتابة القرآن الكرمي وفقا لرسم الداين.كذلك مت تصميم احلروف والعالمات اخلاصة برسم الداينكلها واليت مل تكن موجودة يف أي خط حاسويب عريب. أيضا مت إعداد خارطة حمارف متضمنة احلروف والعالمات مجيعها على أساس تشفري يونيكود. وكذلك مت تنفيذ األداة املساعدة واملتمثلة يف إنتاج خط الداين احلاسويب يف صورته األولية. ومن مث حتسني خط الداين احلاسويب جلعله أكثر دقة يف وضع احلركات والعالمات القرآنية فوق احلرف أو حتته مما يسهل تالوة القرآن الكرمي دون أخطاء. مت تصميم وتنفيذ لوحة مفاتيح افرتاضية جديدة من نوعها )لوحة مفاتيح الداين القرآنية( واليت مت استخدامها مبساعدة خط الداين احلاسويب لكتابة عينات من صفحات القرآن الكرمي. هذه العينات متت مقارنتها بصفحات القرآن الكرمي املكتوبة يدواي حيث وجد تطابقا اتما بينهما. مت إجراء جتربة لكتابة القرآن الكرمي ابالستعانة مبجموعة من األفراد وكانت النتائج جيدة جدا وكان من نتائج هذه التجربة أيضا التوصل إىل أن الوقت الالزم لكتابة القرآنكامال بواسطة شخص واحد ابستخدام احلاسوب يساوي من % 3 إىل % 4 القرآن كامال يدواي بواسطة اخلطاط مما حيقق الكرمي. فقط من الوقت الالزم لكتابة احلد املطلوب لتقليل الزمن والتكلفة واجلهد املبذول لكتابة القرآن iv

4 APPROVAL PAGE The thesis of Mussa Abudena has been approved by the following: Shihab Ahmed Hameed Supervisor Aisha Hassan Hashim Co-Supervisor Othman Omran Khalifa Co-Supervisor Imad Fakhri Taha Internal Examiner Mohammed Zeki Kheder External Examiner Hilal Mohammed Yousif External Examiner Elfatih Abdullahi Abdelrahman Chairman v

5 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Mussa Abudena Signature... Date... vi

6 إلى والدي عبد هللا أبو القاسم أبو دينة ومعيزة سعيد معيوف كما ربياني صغيرا To My parents, ABDALLAH ABUDENA, and MAIZZA SAEED As they upbringing me when I was young vii

7 PY PAGE DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH A NOVEL VIRTUAL KEYBOARD AND UTILITY FOR QURAN TEXT WRITING IN QALOON NARRATION BASED ON AL-DANI SCRIPT I declare that the copyright holders of this thesis are jointly owned by the student and IIUM. Copyright 2018 Mussa Abudena and International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy. Affirmed by Mussa Abudena.... Signature.. Date viii

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdulillah, all praises be to Allah (S.W.T), May His blessing and peace be upon the prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), his family as well as his companions. His Mercy and Guidance have enabled me to accomplish this research. This thesis would not have been possible without the support, encouragement, and guidance of many people, both personal and professional. Indulge me as I acknowledge their contributions. First and foremost, I owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Shihab Ahmad Hameed, my supervisor whose perspicacious advice and invaluable guidance has enabled me to carry out this arduous study. His amazing zeal is only matched by his wondrous teaching skills and impressive learning. My heartfelt gratitude is also expressed to Prof. Dr. Aisha H. Hashim and Prof. Dr. Othman O. Khalifa as my co-supervisors for many useful technical discussions and constructive criticism throughout the works. I gratefully acknowledge the support of the International Islamic University Malaysia through the Faculty of Engineering, especially Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE). A special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sheroz Khan, Prof. Dr. Abdi Omar Shuriye, Assoc. Prof. Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, and Assis. Prof. Dr. Belal Ahmed Hamida for their knowledge and advice during my study and for their endless support and encouragement. I would like to thank all technical staffs for providing all facilities and their kindly supports during my research works specially Br. Abdul Rahmat Abdul Latiff. I would also like to thanks the members of postgraduate research and development lab: Dr. Zamry, Dr. Majdi, Dr. Amart, Dr. Izzidin, Dr. Winda, Dr. Nashrul Hakiem, Ahmad Alsherkasi, Dawood, Mohammad Ghlam, Haris, Abdul mutalib, Liban and others. It is my great pleasure to have been working in the group during my study in IIUM. I cannot to forget to thank my friends: Murad Alseed, Mohammad Alrraiani, AbdAlrahman Alfitori, Saeed Gashat, and all those of whom space did not permit their mention. In addition, I wish to expressed my appreciation and thanks to Musa Husain, Khamis Alarabi, Shaikh Abdullah Zekri, Dr. Fouad Husain and Dr. Mohammad Monsef Algmati, and for that, I will be forever grateful. Last but not least, this thesis is dedicated to my father Abdallah Abudena, my mother Maizza Saeed, my sisters, brothers, my wife, sons, and daughters of their endless love, support and patience with their belief in the priority of education. May Allah bless and reword us in this world and the hereafter. Ameen Ya Rabbal Alameen. ix

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract...iii Abstract in Arabic...iv Approval Page...v Declaration...vi Acknowledgements...ix Table of Contents...x List of Tables...xiv List of Figures...xvi List of Listings...xxiii List of Abbreviations...xxiv List of Symbols...xxv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Introduction Problem statement and its significance Research philosophy Research objectives Research methodology Scope of research Thesis organization Summary...7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Compilation and writing of the Quran Formal compilation as a Book Types of Arabic scripts (النسخ) Naskh 15...(الكوفي) Kufi 16...(الثلث) Thuluth 16...(الرقعة) Ruq'ah 17...(الديواني) Deewani 17...(التعليق) TA'LIQ 2.4 The Seven Qira'at of the Quran The Quran in print Printing using wood briquettes Print using separate metallic letters Computer Character Codes ASCII, ISO 646, and EBCDIC Character Codes Eight-bit Encodings: ISO and CP Unicode How to generate letters inside the computer? Difficulties and problems in Arabic language and Quran on the computer Quranic fonts AlQalam font King Fahd glorious Quran printing complex font.33 x

10 2.10 Opentype Layout Visual Opentype Layout Tool (VOLT) Quranic Keyboards Summary.36 CHAPTER THREE: BASICS OF ARABIC FONTS AND KEYBOARDS Introduction Arabic Type Anatomy & Typographic Terms Primitives Tail Primitive Base Primitive Helya Primitive Bow Primitive Waw Head Primitive Sad Head Primitive Alif Primitive Kasa Primitive Kashida Primitive Diacritic Glyphs Kashida: the mathematical model Non-Joiner and Joiner Codes Connectivity of letters in words Rules of connection Types of connectivity for Arabic letters The combined letters (or Ligatures) Types of Ligatures Arabic scripts Standard Arabic Script Quranic Scripts Uthmanic HAFS Indian HAFS Al-dani Uthmanic WARSH Al-Kharaz Uthmanic QALOON Al-dani Uthmanic QALOON Keyboards Latin Keyboards Standard Keyboard Layouts Keyboard Sections Standard "101" Keyboard Layout Standard "102" Keyboard Layout Arabic Keyboards Summary.73 CHAPTER FOUR: DESIGN OF Al-DANI QURANIC FONT AND Al-DANI QURANIC KEYBOARD Introduction Algorithm for create Aldani Quranic font Designing of the Arabic letters Designing of Aldani Quranic letters 85 xi

11 4.4.1 Al-dani tail primitive Al-dani helya primitive Al-dani sad head primitive Al-dani Alef Primitive Al-dani Kasa Primitive Al-dani Kashida (Tatweel) Primitive Al-dani Yeh Maqusa Primitive Design of Aldani Quranic Lam-Alef ligatures Al-dani Arabic Lam Alef Primitive Designing of Aldani Quranic diacritics Al-dani Diacritic (Marks) Glyphs Hamza Other Al-dani Diacritic (Marks) Glyphs Aldani Quranic diacritics ligatures Design of Aldani Quranic end of Ayahs Design of Al-dani Quranic Keyboard MountFocus Keyboard Designer Key design Naming of the keys Assigning of a Unicode code for the key Al-dani Quranic keyboard layouts Version Version Version Version Version Comparison the Arabic letters in the terminological font with the writing of Quran in narration Hafs (Khrraz) and narration Qaloon (Aldani) Summary.144 CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLEMENTATION OF Al-DANI QURANIC FONT AND Al-DANI QURANIC KEYBOARD Introduction Implementation of Al-dani Quranic Font Create Map of characters Assigning of Unicode code for each character in the Map Unicode definition Mapping process Programming of each character in the Map to decide the proper: size, position, and connectivity Test the font Installation and saving the font in windows Programming of Al-dani Quranic Font Algorithm for programming Aldani Quranic font Programming of Al-dani Quranic Font using VOLT Installation of a programmed Al-dani Quranic Font in windows Implementation of Al-dani Quranic Keyboard Al-dani Quranic keyboard layout experiment..174 xii

12 5.5 Al-dani Quranic keyboard version 5 layout characteristics Summary..181 CHAPTER SIX: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Introduction Al-dani Quranic font Al-dani Quranic keyboard Experiment to write Quran Results from research objectives view Comparison between Aldani font, AlQalam font, and king Fahd complex font Summary..189 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Introduction Conclusions The main contributions Al-dani Quranic keyboard Al-dani Quranic font Adding Al-dani Quranic font to Windows Proposal to encode Aldani Quranic letters, diacritics, and marks Future works Summary REFERENCES..194 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CITATIONS AND COMPETITIONS APPENDIX A: Proposal to encode Quranic marks used in Quran published in Libya (Narration of Qaloon with script Aldani) xiii

13 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 The Readers Nafi al-madani and Ibn Kathir al-makki 22 Table 2.2 The Readers Abu Amr Ibn al- Ala' and Ibn Amir ad-dimashqi 22 Table 2.3 The Readers Aasim al-kufi and Hamzah al-kufi 23 Table 2.4 The Readers Al-Kisa'i al-kufi and Abu Ja far 23 Table 2.5 The Readers Ya qub al-yamani and Khalaf 23 Table 2.6 Summary of attempts 34 Table 3.1 Differences between Arabic and Latin scripts 42 Table 3.2 (ع) Four forms of letter Ain 60 Table 3.3 The use of Zero Width Joiner glyph 61 Table 3.4 The use of Zero Width Non-Joiner glyph 61 Table 3.5 The use of Zero Width Non-Joiner and Zero Width Joiner glyphs 61 Table 3.6 The basic groups of characters as they connected in the word 62 Table 3.7 Forms of Arabic letters when displayed 62 Table 3.8 Arabic letters which are possible connected from both sides 65 Table 3.9 Arabic letters which are possible connected from right 65 Table 3.10 Latin keyboards Vs Arabic keyboards 73 Table 4.1 Arabic letters and diacritics that already exist 75 Table 4.2 Arabic letters 79 Table 4.3 Measurements of Al-dani tail primitive 87 Table 4.4 Measurements of Al-dani helya primitive 89 Table 4.5 Measurements of Al-dani sad head primitive 91 Table 4.6 Measurements of Al-dani Alef primitive 93 Table 4.7 Measurements of Al-dani Kasa primitive 96 Table 4.8 Measurements of Al-dani Kashida (Tatweel) primitive 98 Table 4.9 Measurements of Al-dani Yeh Maqusa primitive 99 Table 4.10 Aldani Quranic letters 100 Table 4.11 Measurements of Al-dani Lam Alef primitive 105 xiv

14 Table 4.12 Aldani Quranic Lam-Alef ligatures 106 Table 4.13 Measurements of Al-dani Arabic Hamza primitive 108 Table 4.14 Measurements of Al-dani Diacritic (Marks) Glyphs 109 Table 4.15 Aldani Quranic diacritics 111 Table 4.16 Measurements of Aldani Quranic diacritics ligatures 113 Table 4.17 Aldani Quranic diacritics ligatures 114 Table 4.18 Letters VS Quantity 115 Table 4.19 The keys of Al-dani Quranic Keyboard 127 Table 4.20 The similar letters in the terminological font and in narration Hafs (Khrraz) and narration Qaloon (Aldani) 128 Table 4.21 The Cut letters in the beginning of Suras 129 Table 4.22 The rest letters 131 Table 4.23 Hamza Wasel 134 Table 4.24 Hamza 136 Table 4.25 Small Quran letters 138 Table 4.26 Diacritics 139 Table 4.27 Tanween 141 Table 4.28 Special marks 142 Table 4.29 Sign of stopping and Sakat 143 Table 5.1 Writers vs Keyboard Versions Time (Min.:Sec.) 174 Table 5.2 Standard Arabic letters 176 Table 5.3 Al-dani Quranic letters, diacriticals, signs, and marks 178 Table 5.4 The Numbers 180 Table 5.5 Control Keys 181 Table 6.1 Writers for one page of Quran vs Time 184 Table 6.2 Writers for whole Quran vs Time 185 Table 6.3 Summary of Quranic fonts 188 xv

15 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Research Methodology 6 Figure 3.1 The dot as drawn by different pen orientation 38 Figure 3.2 The dot as a measurement unit for letter forms 38 Figure 3.3 Development of Arabic typesetting 39 Figure 3.4 A word written with three fonts 40 Figure 3.5 An example word typeset with an OpenType font indicating problems with junction between glyphs 41 Figure 3.6 Optical scaling requires that stroke widths become thinner at intersections 41 Figure 3.7 Letter Qaf verses letter small A 43 Figure 3.8 Letters Ha and Ra verses letters small R and small H 44 Figure 3.9 Letter Kaf verses letter K 44 Figure 3.10 Letter Dad verses letter small D 45 Figure 3.11 Letter Ain verses letter P 45 Figure 3.12 The tail primitive 46 Figure 3.13 Four consequent tails in a word from Quran 46 Figure 3.14 The base primitive 47 Figure 3.15 The helya Primitive 47 Figure 3.16 The bow primitive 48 Figure 3.17 The letters Fa and Qaf as drawn by three calligraphers 48 Figure 3.18 The Waw head primitive 49 Figure 3.19 The sad head primitive 50 Figure 3.20 The Alif primitive 50 Figure 3.21 Approximate directions in calligraphy books 51 Figure 3.22 The Kasa primitive 51 xvi

16 Figure 3.23 The letter noon shown with kasa widths of 3,9,10 and 13 nuqtas 52 Figure 3.24 Many primitive glyphs used to produce the different forms of letter Ha 52 Figure 3.25 Isolated and final forms of letter Dal 53 Figure 3.26 The shara of Kaf and Hamza 53 Figure 3.27 The dot as drawn by different pen orientation 54 Figure 3.28 Curves of type 2 (in Ɓ2) 55 Figure 3.29 Stretching a curve belonging to the set Ɓ1 with Ebe (Ebe (B1) = B2) 56 Figure 3.30 Stretching a curve belonging to the set Ɓ2 with Eaf (Eaf (B1) = B2) 58 Figure 3.31 Initial state of a set of curves C to be stretched 58 Figure 3.32 Stretching the curve B21 of h and r 58 2 Figure 3.33 Translation of B11 towards the right-side of h 2 59 Figure 3.34 Stretching the curve Bꞌ11 of h and v 2 59 Figure 3.35 Translation of C1 towards the right direction in h 59 Figure 3.36 The set C after stretching of h and v 60 Figure 3.37 First 4 lines page (3) of Prophet city Quran according to riwayat of HAFS 66 Figure 3.38 Figure 3.39 First 5 lines page (3) of Quran according to riwayat of HAFS published in Pakistan 67 First 5 lines page (3) of Prophet city Quran according to riwayat of WARSH 67 Figure 3.40 Figure 3.41 First 5 lines page (3) of Quran (Al-Kharaz Uthmanic QALOON) that published in Libya 68 First 5 lines page (3) of Quran (Al-dani Uthmanic QALOON) that published in Libya 68 Figure 3.42 The five general sections of a standard keyboard 69 Figure 3.43 Standard "101" keyboard layout showing unmodified US key values 70 xvii

17 Figure 3.44 Standard "102" keyboard layout showing unmodified UK key values 71 Figure 3.45 ASMO 663 Arabic Keyboard 72 Figure 3.46 IBM Arabic Keyboard 72 Figure 3.47 Apple MAC Arabic Keyboard 73 Figure 4.1 Flowchart for create Aldani Quranic font 78 Figure 4.2 Design of letters Alef, Ba, and Ha 80 Figure 4.3 Design of letters Dal, Ra, and Seen 80 Figure 4.4 Design of letters Sad, Taa, and Ain 81 Figure 4.5 Design of letters Fa, Qaf, and Kaf 81 Figure 4.6 Design of letters Lam, Meem, and Noon 81 Figure 4.7 Design of letters Haa, Waw, and Ya 82 Figure 4.8 Design of letter Hamza and Dot (Nuqta) 82 Figure 4. 9 Design of letters Alef with Hamza above, Alef with Hamza below, Waw with Hamza above, and Ya with Hamza above 83 Figure 4.10 Design of letters Ba, Ta Marbuta, Ta, and Tha 83 Figure 4.11 Design of letters Jeem, Kha, Thal, and Zai 84 Figure 4.12 Design of letters Sheen, Dad, Thaa, and Gin 84 Figure 4.13 Design of letter Fa, Qaf, and Noon 85 Figure 4.14 Al-dani tail primitive 86 Figure 4.15 Arabic letter Waw 86 Figure 4.16 Al-dani Waw with Hamza below 87 Figure 4.17 Al-dani helya primitive 88 Figure 4.18 Arabic letter Lam 88 Figure 4.19 Al-dani Alef Mothafer with Lam and Maddah above 89 Figure 4.20 Al-dani sad head primitive 90 Figure 4.21 Arabic letters Sad and Dad 90 xviii

18 Figure 4.22 Al-dani Sign of waqaf 90 Figure 4.23 Al-dani Alef primitive 91 Figure 4.24 Arabic letter Alef 91 Figure 4.25 Aldani Arabic Hamza joined with Alef 92 Figure 4.26 Al-dani Kasa primitive 94 Figure 4.27 Arabic Noon and Alef Maqsura 94 Figure 4.28 Al-dani Wide Noon with small Ya Maqusa above 96 Figure 4.29 Al-dani Kashida (Tatweel) primitive 97 Figure 4.30 Arabic Kashida 97 Figure 4.31 Al-dani Hamza inside Tatweel 97 Figure 4.32 Al-dani Yeh Maqusa Primitive 98 Figure 4.33 Al-dani Yeh Maqusa 99 Figure 4.34 Al-dani Arabic Lam Alef 102 Figure 4.35 Al-dani Arabic Lam Alef Primitive 103 Figure 4.36 Arabic Lam Alef 103 Figure 4.37 Aldani Arabic Hamza joined with Lam Alef 105 Figure 4.38 Al-dani Arabic Hamza 107 Figure 4.39 Arabic Hamza 107 Figure 4.40 Al-dani Small Hamza above 108 Figure 4.41 Al-dani Dammatan 109 Figure 4.42 Al-dani Alef Mokhases with Maddah above 113 Figure 4.43 Aldani Quranic end of Ayahs vs IIUM s logo 115 Figure 4.44 MountFocus Keyboard Designer 117 Figure 4.45 A key tool 117 Figure 4.46 One key added to the keyboard 117 Figure 4.47 A picture of an Orange key imported by image tool 118 xix

19 Figure 4.48 A picture of an orange key added by picture editor 118 Figure 4.49 A picture of an orange key placed over the original key 119 Figure 4.50 Another key added to the keyboard 119 Figure 4.51 A picture of a grey key imported by image tool 119 Figure 4.52 A picture of a grey key added by picture editor 120 Figure 4.53 A picture of a grey key placed over the original key 120 Figure 4.54 Return key design 121 Figure 4.55 A picture of a grey Return key imported by image tool 121 Figure 4.56 A picture of a grey Return key added by picture editor 122 Figure 4.57 A picture of a grey Return key placed over the original key 122 Figure 4.58 Naming of the key 123 Figure 4.59 Assign a Unicode code for the key 123 Figure 4.60 Al-dani Quranic keyboard layout version Figure 4.61 Al-dani Quranic keyboard layout version Figure 4.62 Al-dani Quranic keyboard layout version Figure 4.63 Al-dani Quranic keyboard layout version Figure 4.64 Al-dani Quranic keyboard layout version Figure 5.1 A new Map of characters 147 Figure 5.2 Import process 148 Figure 5.3 Import image of Letter Alef 148 Figure 5.4 Import image of sign of waqaf 148 Figure 5.5 First part of map of characters consists of imported letter Alef, sign of waqaf and many other letters, diacritics, and ligatures 149 Figure 5.6a The other letters, diacritics, and ligatures 149 Figure 5.6b Third part of map of characters 149 Figure 5.6c Fourth part of map of characters 150 xx

20 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.7 Assign Unicode code for letter Wide Noon with small Ya Maqusa above 151 Figure 5.8 Letter Alef with respect to Baseline and other lines and columns 152 Figure 5.9 WinAscent line programming 153 Figure 5.10 WinDescent line programming 153 Figure 5.11 Left and right columns programming 154 Figure 5.12 a- Letter Lam with shadda and Tanween Damma 154 Figure 5.12 b- Letter Lam with shadda but Tanween Damma disappear 155 Figure 5.12 c- Letter Ain 155 Figure 5.12 d- Letter Ain but its tail disappear 156 Figure 5.13 a- Letter Ba (Initial form) with respect to Baseline, left column, and right column 156 Figure 5.13 b- Letter Ha (middle form) with respect to Baseline, left column, and right column 157 Figure 5.13 c- Letter Ra (Final form) with respect to Baseline, left column, and right column 157 Figure 5.13 d- Letter Ba connected to letter Ha (middle form) 158 Figure 5.13 e- Letter Ra (Final form) connected to letter Ha (middle form) 158 Figure 5.13 f- Word (Bahar) بحر consists of letter Ba (Initial form) connected to letter Ha (middle form) which connected to letter Ra (Final form) بحر (Bahar) Figure 5.14 a- Over lapping of Word 160 بحر (Bahar) Figure 5.14 b- Disconnection of Word Figure 5.15 a- Test font command 160 Figure 5.15 b- Test the font 161 Figure 5.16 a- Install font command 162 Figure 5.16 b- Aldani font as one of Windows fonts 162 Figure 5.17 Flowchart for programming Aldani Quranic font 164 Figure 5.18 First part of Map of characters for Al-dani Quranic Font used by VOLT software program 165 Figure 5.19 a- The first part from isolated form lookup table 166 xxi

21 Figure 5.19 b- The first part from initial form lookup table 166 Figure 5.19 c- The first part from medial form lookup table 167 Figure 5.19 d- The first part from final form lookup table 167 Figure 5.20 Lam-Alef ligatures lookup table 168 Figure 5.21 Al-dani diacriticals ligatures lookup table 168 Figure 5.22 The first part from Al-dani end of Ayat lookup table 169 Figure 5.23 a- The first part from All-letters group 169 Figure 5.23 b- The first part from LamAlef group 170 Figure 5.23 c- The first part from mrkabove group 170 Figure 5.23 d- Mrkbelow group 171 Figure 5.24 a- Letter Hamza with Tanween Fatha above 171 Figure 5.24 b- Al-dani Lam Alef Mothafer with Fatha above 172 Figure 5.24 c- Al-dani Hamza joined with Alef with Damma above 172 Figure 5.24 d- Al-dani Waw with Hamza below with Kasra below 173 Figure 5.25 Export process 173 Figure 5.26 Programmed Aldani font as one of Windows fonts 174 Figure 5.27 Figure 5.28 Verses 1 to 7 from Surat Alesra, Page 282, calligrapher handwritten 175 Verses 1 to 7 from Surat Alesra, Page 282, written by Al-dani Quranic keyboard 176 Figure 6.1 a- Verses 5 to 14 from Surat yousof, Page 236, written by Al-dani Quranic font and Al-dani Quranic keyboard 182 Figure 6.1 b- Verses 1 to 7 from Surat Alesra, Page 282, written by Al-dani Quranic font and Al-dani Quranic keyboard 183 Figure 6.1 c- Verses 37 to 46 from Surat Alnamal, Page 380, written by Al-dani Quranic font and Al-dani Quranic keyboard 183 Figure 6.2 Writers for one page vs Time 184 Figure 6.3 Quran written using AlQalam font 188 Figure 6.4 Quran written using KFGQPC Uthmanic HAFS font 188 Figure 6.5 Quran written using Al-dani Quranic font 189 xxii

22 LIST OF LISTINGS Listing 4.1 The pseudocode describing the Waw with Hamza below 86 Listing 4.2 The pseudocode describing the Alef Mothafer with Lam and Maddah above 88 Listing 4.3 The pseudocode describing the Sign of waqaf 90 Listing 4.4 The pseudocode describing Aldani Arabic Hamza joined with Alef 92 Listing 4.5 The pseudocode describing the Wide Noon with small Ya Maqusa above 94 Listing 4.6 The pseudocode describing the Hamza inside Tatweel 97 Listing 4.7 The pseudocode describing the Yeh Maqusa 99 Listing 4.8 The pseudocode describing Aldani Arabic Hamza joined with Lam Alef 104 Listing 4.9 The pseudocode describing Small Hamza above 107 Listing 4.10 The pseudocode describing Al-dani Dammatan 109 Listing 4.11 The pseudocode describing Al-dani Alef Mokhases with Maddah above 113 xxiii

23 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AH After Hijra ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASMO Arab Standards and Metrology Organization C Causative connection CE or AD Of the birth of Christ (Gregory) CP Code Page D Connection from both sides d. 120/737 died in year 120 Hijri, 737 AD (Gregory) EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code GPOS Glyph positioning GSUB Glyph substitution IBM International Business Machine ISO International Standards Organization L Connection from left min. Minute mrkabove Marks (Diacritics) above letters mrkbelow Marks (Diacritics) below letters OTF Open Type Font OTL OpenType Layout R Connection from right T Transparent TTF True Type Font U Not connected VOLT Visual OpenType Layout Tool Xl Letter connected from left Xm Letter connected from both sides Xn Isolated letter Xr Letter connected from right ZWJ Zero Width Joiner ZWNJ Zero Width Non-Joi xxiv

24 LIST OF SYMBOLS? Unknown % Amount in each hundred μ [M0,M1,M2,M3] The mean Summation Approximately Equal The Bézier curve with control points M0, M1, M2 and M3 Ɓ1, Ɓ2 The set of Bézier curves i R + Plus π 180 º ( u, v) Ebe, Eaf (h,v) The axis X director vector Element of Real Numbers Less than or Equals The Angle { } The Set The angle between the two vectors u and v The stretching functions h stands for the horizontal stretching amount whereas v is the vertical one Intersection xxv