ان ادج : ذشج ح اال اؽ ان ظ ح Translating Text Types Dr : Naji Ibrahim Al-Arfaj غ رؾ ١ بد اخ و ا ؼزم / ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

النسخ

1 ان ادج : ذشج ح اال اؽ ان ظ ح Translating Text Types Dr : Naji Ibrahim Al-Arfaj غ رؾ ١ بد اخ و ا ؼزم / ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

2 Lecture 1 What is translation? Definitions: 1- Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language text into the receptor language text. 2- Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. (Catford, 1965) 3- Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber, 1982) 4- Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf (Brislin, 1976) 5- Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL utterance. (Pinhuhuck, 1977:38) 6- Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7) 7- Translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structure of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structure will be seriously distorted. (McGuire, 1980:2) 8- Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

3 syntactic, the systematic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL (Wilss and Noss, 1982). 9- Translation is ultimately a human activity which enables human beings to exchange ideas and thoughts regardless of the different tongues used. 10- Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Translation Process Map ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

4 Lecture 2 خظائض ان رشجى ان اجخ ان رشجى ان اجخ Qualities of a Successful Translator ا زشع ا بعؼ ا ز ٠ غزط ١ غ ط ١ بغخ ا شعب خ أ ا ض ف ا غخ ا م ي إ ١ ب ثأع ة اؽزشاف ٠ غؼ ٠ مشأ ز ا شعب خ ٠ شؼش وأ ب رىزت إال ث ز ا غخ - يرهثاخ أساس ح نه رشجى ان اجخ أ وأ ب " طج ١ ؼ ١ خ." ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ رؼ ؼب ا ى بد ا ظط ؾبد ا ؼجبساد زم خ رؼ ل اػذ وال ا غزب ا ؾ ٠ خ ) وال ا غز ١ ( االعزفبدح ١ ضاد و غخ أع ا ط ي إ رشع خ رؼ ا ظ س ا زشج ١ بد ا جالغ ١ خ ؼشفخ مبث ب ف ا غخ ا ذف. رؼ أ ؼشفخ ؽؼبسح صمبفخ وال ا غز ١ أل زا ٠ ؼزجش ا ى خ ا ز رغؼ ى بد زالب أط ١ ال. - ا زف ف ا م إظ بس اط ا غ بي ف وال ا غز ١. - اإلثذاع ف إ ٠ غبد ا ى بد ا الئ خ ا ز رؼجش ػ لظذ ا ىبرت أ ا زؾذس ا ؾم ١ م -. ي طفاخ ان رشجى ان اجخ - األ ب خ ف م ا ؼ بد وب خ د مظب أ ص ٠ بدح- - ا ذلخ ف م س ػ ا ض األط ؼ ب ػ ػب. - ؽغ ف ا ض ا شاد رشع ز رؾذ ٠ ذ أفؼ ؼ ٠ زفك غ ع ١ بق ا ض ثأع ة ع طج ١ ؼ. - ا ف ث ١ ا غط س ػذ ؽشف ١ خ ا زشع خ. - إرمب ا فظ ا م اػذ ف ا غخ األع ج ١ خ. - أ ٠ ؼىظ ا ؼ ث ػ ػ. 7- ػذ اال ؾ ١ بص ٠ خ ف ا زشع خ-. يم ياخ جاح ان رشجى - ا ؼشفخ ا غ ٠ خ ا مظ ى ا غخ ا ظذس ا غخ ا ذف. - ا خ ف ١ خ ا ضمبف ١ خ ا غ ١ خ ا زشاثط ا فىش ؽؼبس ٠ ب صمبف ١ ب. - ا زبثؼخ ا غز شح إلطذاساد األط ١ خ ا زشع خ. - ا زاوشح ا شطخ ز ١ غخ ا مشاءاد االطالع. - اؽزشا خظبئض ا غخ ا ذف اخز ١ بس ا مب ا بعت.

5 6- االطالع ػ و ب ؽذ ٠ ش ل ا ١ ظ ثشا ظ ا ىزش ١ خ خبطخ ثب غبد ا ز رؾز ػ فشداد ظط ؾبد عذ ٠ ذح. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

6 Lecture (3 + 4) The Importance of Translation انرشج ح أ ح The Importance of Translation from an Arabic & Islamic Perspective أ ح انرشج ح ي ي ظ س عشت إسالي لال ذعان } : ا أ ا ان اط إ ا خ ه م اك ى ي ر ك ش أ ص ج ع ه اك ى ش ع ت ا ل ث ائ م ن ر ع اس ف ا} ز دع ج نإل سا تأ رعاسف ر اطم انرعاسف انر اطم ت األيى انشع ب ال رى إال تانهغاخ انرشج ح يا ح انرشج ح انرشج ح ع ه ح ذفس ش يعا ض ي ( انهغح ان ظذس )ت ا عادن ي انهغح ان رشجى إن ا( انهغح ان ذف.) مم نذؼاسج شمافح عهى فكش أسه ب نغح. كه ح انرشج ح تشكم عاو ذسرخذو نإلشاسج إن ج ع انع ه اخ األسان ة ان سرخذيح ن مم ان ع ي انهغح ان ظذس Language) (Source إن انهغح ان ذف( (Target Language أ ح انرشج حTranslation The Importance of Definitions: 1- Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language text into the receptor language text. 2- Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. (Catford, 1965) نعثد انرشج ح د سا كث شا فاعال ف مم عه و يعاسف ي س شاخ انصمافاخ انذؼاساخ ان خرهفح عثش انراس خ.ك ا أس د انرشج ح ف ذثادل األفكاس ان ظانخ ان شرشكح ت األيى انشع ب. نهرشج ح أ ح لظ عثش انعظ س تشكم عاو ف زا انعظش تشكم خاص.خاطح ف ظم انر ساخ انس اس ح انعسكش ح االلرظاد ح انرم ح ان عه ياذ ح اإلعالي ح غ ش ا انر ش ذ ا عان ا ان و. نمذ ادرهد انهغح انعشت ح انرشج ح ي ا إن ا يشكض انظذاسج ف انغشب تشكم عاو أيش كا تشكم خاص ف أعماب أدذاز انذاد عشش ي سثر ثش 2001 و. - - ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

7 - فعه سث م ان صال عمذخ ف ان ال اخ ان رذذج األيش ك ح ف عاو (2006 و )أ ل ل ح ل ي ح د ل انرشج ح Theف First National Translation Summit ز انم ح انر ج عد خثح ي انس اس انعسكش ان رخظظ ف انهغح انرشج ح غ ش ى ذذذشد سئ سح ج ع ح ان رشج األيش ك ح ي ش ا غش ف هذ أخثشخ ان شاسك انذاػش ف ز انم ح( انخاطح تانرشج ح) يا مه زا انخثش: The American Translators Association (ATA) President Marian S. Greenfield told attendees of the Translation Summit: "It takes less time to train an airman to become a fighter pilot than it takes to train an Arabic translator, but the accuracy of the latter may be more important to national security. You can't risk getting the translation wrong." ج ا ة ي أ ح انرشج ح أ ال :انجا ة اإل جات إ ص شح ا زشع خ اإل ٠ غبث ١ خ ا ظؾ ١ ؾخ ر ؼىظ ػ رط س األفشاد ا شؼ ة األ. ا زشع خ ؽشوخ زبط إ ش ذر ب ا ز ا زؼ ١ ا ؾؼبسح اصد بس ف أع ذ ا ز اإلعال ١ خ ا ؾؼبسح ا غشث ١ خ ) ف ا غ ا ت اإل ٠ غبث ١ خ ( ٠ ػؼ ثغالء أ ١ خ ا زشع خ. إ ا زشع خ ا ذل ١ مخ رغ ف م ا ؼ ا ظؾ ١ ؼ رشع ١ خ ا ؼ خ ا ظبئجخ ا ف ا اػؼ ر ٠ ش ا ز م ر ع ١. شا ا :انجا ة انسهث o إ ع ء ا زشع خ أ ػذ دلز ب ر ض خط سح ػظ ػ ف ا ز م ؼ ا شاد م ا غخ ا ظذس إ ا غخ ا ذف. o ا ف ا غ ١ ئ ا برظ رشع خ غ ١ ش طؾ ١ ؾخ ٠ ؤصش ػ ا م ي ا فؼ ا غ ن االػزمبد ا زظ س. o إ ا ىض ١ ش أ األد ٠ ب أطؾبة ا فشق اال ٠ ذ ع ١ بد األخش ا ز اثزؼذد ػ ف اإلعال ا ؾم ١ م ا مشآ ا ىش ٠ ا غ خ ا ج ٠ خ ا ظؾ ١ ؾخ لذ ٠ ؼض اثزؼبد ػ اإلعال أ ا ظ ا عط إ ع ء ا زشع خ أ رؾش ٠ ف ب أ ثغجت رفغ ١ ش خبطئ أ رأ ٠ عب ت ا ؾك. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 7

8 ع ايم يؤششج ف لشاءج ان ض ذشج ر أ ال :انع ايم انشخظ ح: ذش ش إن انج ا ة انخاطح تان رشجى أ ان رهم نهرشج ح ذش م ؿث عر ي ج اذجا اذ ل اعاذ اعرماداذ أيا ر ع ش يسر عه ركائ دك ر شمافر خثشذ ذجشتر ي ن ي اساذ خهف ر انذ ح انصماف ح غ ش ا ي أي س فس ح يؤششج. يصال عه ذأش ش انخهف اخ انذ ح انصماف ح عه لشاءج ان ض ذشج ح يع ا دساسح ي ذا ح ل د ت ا خالل دساسر ن شدهح انذكر سا. د س صعد اسرث ا اخ عه ع ح عش ائ ح ي ؿالب ؿانثاخ جايعح ال ح ي شغ األيش ك ح. كا انسؤال ان ج نه شاسك ف انذساسح إجاتاذ ى ك ا ه : According to you, the word "GOD" refers to whom? God refers to Allah God refers to Buddha God refers to Jesus God refers to Kami God refers to Rama God refers to Brahma God refers to The Creator alone God refers to nothing. There is no god God refers to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit ذ ش... - Muslims believe in Allah. - Muslims believe in God. فؼال لى ترشج ح انج هح انران ح إن انهغح اإل جه ض ح: ؤي ان سه تاهلل-. - م انرشج ح ذكف ن مم ان ع ان شاد تشكم كايم - ذزكش اإلجاتاخ انساتمح نه شاسك ف انذساسح. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 8

9 شا ا :انع ايم انهغ ح انهغح ل اعذ تان ذ رعهك يا ي ا ان فشداخ األسان ة ان عا انذالالخ ان ظاو يذ انظ ذ انرشات أ االخرالف ت انهغح ان ظذس (SL) انهغح ان ذف. (TL) ذ ش... فؼال ذشجى انعثاساخ انران ح ي اإل جه ض ح إن انعشت ح: 1- Put yourself in their shoes. 2- To run through. To run a company. 3- I want to pray. (Some Arabic speakers of English might pronounce pray as follows: bray. ك ف ذرشج ا ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 9

10 Lecture 5 Translation: Types of Texts Translation: Translation is the process of transferring the meaning of the source language text into the target language text. Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. Types of Texts The text type-typology approach Genre-based classification of texts to be translated: Fedorov (1953) - 3 groups of texts: 1) news and reviews, official and technical documents, and scientific texts, 2) political texts, newspaper editorials, and speeches, 3) literary texts. Mounin (1967) - 7 groups: religious texts, literary texts, poetry, children s literature, stage texts, movie texts, and technical texts. Translation-focused text typology 1) content-focused texts: (descriptive function) 2) form-focused texts: (expressive function) 3) appeal-focused texts: the (appeal function) 4) audio-medial text type: (reaches the receptor not via printed media) ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

11 (1) The translation of content-focused texts: - For example: Press releases, commentaries, news reports, users manuals, copyright specifications, official documents, non-fiction, specialized books, essays, reports. They are focused on conveying information. The translator s task is to transmit the SL content in full. (2) Translation of form-focused texts: - For example: Literary prose (essays, biographies), imaginative prose (anecdotes, short stories), poetry. (3) Translation of appeal-focused texts: - For example: Commercials, ads, texts related to missionary work, propaganda materials. Both the content and the form are intended to provoke a particular reaction in the listener or reader (appeals for likes and dislikes, or for specific actions -- e.g., shopping -- or the ceasing of specific actions: e.g., smoking). The aim of the translator is not to reflect the content or the form of the SL text, but to appeal. (4) Translation of audio-medial texts: - For example: Radio and television materials and theatre plays the message reaches the receiver (audience, listener) via a channel. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

12 The typology of specialized texts: Vannikov s (1987) study: a detailed and multidimensional typology of specialized texts. 11 features on the basis of which scientific and technical texts have to be characterized to provide sufficient guidance for translators: 1- Characterization of text on the basis of linguistic organization a) Texts with a rigorous structure and with strict linguistic formulation, b) Texts with a soft structure, allowing the translator greater variety regarding linguistic formulation; 2- Characterization on the basis of the functional style 1- Scientific texts 2- Technical texts 3- Official texts 4- Legal texts 5- Journalistic texts 3- Characterization on the basis of functional register 1) Scientific texts a- Academic texts, b- Texts with an educational purpose, c- Encyclopaedic texts); 2) Technical texts a- Technical descriptions, b- Instructions, c- Technical information); 3) Official texts a- Official directions, b- Management texts, ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

13 c- Official correspondance); d- inventions, Patent management texts); e- texts 4- Characterization on the basis of manner of expression a- Narrative texts, b- Descriptive texts, c- Explanatory texts, d- Argumentative texts 5- Characterization on the basis of logical content a- Exposition/Discussion, b- Justification, c- Conclusion, d- Definition. 6- On the basis of subject-related contents a- Texts in exact sciences, b- Texts in natural sciences, c- Texts in social sciences; 7- On the basis of manner of communication a- Texts for oral communication b- Texts for written communication 8- On the basis of genre a- Book b- Monograph c- Article/Paper d- Dissertation ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

14 e- Presentation/Lecture f- Letter g- Report h- Comments 9- On the basis of the primary or secondary nature of the information a- Primary information, b- Secondary information c- Report, d- Annotation, e- Review, f- Bibliographical description, g- Bibliography 10- On the basis of expressive-stylistic features a- Stylistically rich/colorful text b- Stylistically poor/not colorful text 11- On the basis of general pragmatic features a- Texts addressed to the SL reader b- Texts addressed to the TL reader c- Texts addressed to any audience Stages of the translation process: 1- Find as much information as possible related to the text. 2- Read the text carefully, paying attention to its content, purpose, and style. 3- Find synonyms in the target language for the words that require special attention. 4- Make the rough translation. 5- Make the final translation. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

15 Lecture 6 Translation of religious texts (Part 1) The Virtues of Da wah 1- Best Speech { أ ؽ غ ل ال د ػ ب إ ا ػ ط ب ؾب ل بي إ ا غ ١ { ع سح فظ ذ : آ ٠ خ 33 Who is better in speech than one who invites (mankind) to Allah, works righteousness, and says: I am one of the Muslims? 41: Great Reward (أل ٠ ذ ا ثه سعال اؽذا خ ١ ش ه ؽ ش ا ؼ ) If Allah guides through you one person; it is better for you than the red camels. Bukhari (# 4210) 3- Multiplied Reward ( دػب إ ذ وب األعش ض أع س رجؼ ) Whoever calls to guidance, he will have the same reward as those who follow him. Muslim (# 1893) 4- Special prayers (إ ا ال ئ ى ز أ ا غ اد األ س ع ؽ ز ا خ ف ع ؾ ش ب ؽ ز ا ؾ د ١ ظ ػ ؼ ا بط ا خ ١ ش ( Allah, His angels, the inhabitants of the heavens and earth, even the ant in its nest and the whale in the see, do pray for the one who teaches goodness to people. Altirmithi (# 2159) 5- Continuous Reward (إرا بد اث آد ا مطغ ػ إال صالس : طذلخ عبس ٠ خ أ ػ ٠ زفغ ث أ ذ طب ؼ ٠ ذػ ) If the son of Adam dies, his work is cut off except from three: a continuous charity, useful knowledge, or a righteous son who prays for him. Muslim (# 1631) ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

16 Lecture 7 Translation of religious texts (Part 2) The Oneness of God in the Bible: Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is One Lord. Mark 12:29 Why do you call me good? There is none good but One, that is, God. Matthew 19:17 Worship the Lord your God, and serve Him only. Matthew 4:10 Now this is life eternal, that they know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom you have sent. John 17:3 You have truly said that He is One, and there is no other but He. Mark 12:32 There is One God and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus. 1 Timothy 2:5 Say: He is God the One; God the Eternal, the Absolute; He begets not nor is He begotten; and there is none like unto Him. The Qur an 112:1-4 Your God is One God; there is no God save Him, the Gracious, the Merciful. 2:163 Say: I am but a man like you, it is inspired to me that your God is only One God. 18:110 There is no God save Me, so worship Me. The Qur an 21:25 Assignment: Translate the previous English texts into Arabic. Lecture 8 Is Revision From 1 To 7 (Look at the lecture Recorded) ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

17 Language Components: Grammar Vocabulary (words) Style Phonology ( sounds) Grammatical Problems: Different word order Different grammar translation of verbs: be, do, have translation of tenses translation of articles: the, a, an Lexical Problems: Literal translation of meaning Collocations Idioms proverbs Stylistic Problems: formality / informality redundancy irony Phonological Problems: Lecture 9 Translating Texts: Problems & Solutions sounds ( different sounds like: p, v, g) stress Rhyme Translating Text Types ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 7

18 Lecture 10 Translation of religious texts (Part 3) Just the Tip of the Iceberg انجضء األ ل سأط انجثم انجه ذ فمؾ This book presents just some examples of ٠ مذ زا ا ىزبة غشد ثؼغ األ ض خ ع ب ا ؾم ١ م its real beauty and greatness. ػظ ز. إ ٠ ؾض ب ػ ا زؾ ثب ا ٠ ب ا ؾغ خ ا الف اإل ٠ غبث ١ خ ؽغ ا ظ ا شؼ س ا ط ١ ت رغب ا ٢ خش ٠. intentions, It inspires us to have good positive attitudes, and kind feelings إ ٠ ؼ ب أ غب ؼ ا ٢ خش ٠ ؾت ب ؾت أل فغ ب. towards others. إ ٠ ؾفض ب ػ ا زجغ ثشبشخ ا ع ا طف غ It teaches us to forgive, and love for ا ٢ خش ٠ ثظذق إخالص. إ ٠ ع ب أ زظشف غ ا ٢ خش ٠ ث جبلخ. others what we love for ourselves. إ ٠ أ ش ب ثب خ ك ا ؾغ ا غ ن ا ؾزش غ ا بط. It urges us to smile sincerely and be kind إ ٠ ؼ ب أ زؼب ث طف سؽ خ غ ا جشش ا ؾ ١ ا بد ا ط ١ س to others. إ ٠ ششذ ب إ اؽزشا ا ذ ٠ ب ا غ ١ سػب ٠ ز, أ ؾغ إ أ ١ ب أص اع ب أث بئ ب أ ؼب ثب طف It instructs us to act courteously. ا دح. إ ٠ ؾض ب ػ ا ظبفخ ا مبء ف ا م ت ا غغ ا ج ١ ئخ It commands us to have good conduct ؽ ب أ ض ٠ األر ػ ا طش ٠ ك. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 8

19 and behave with respect. It teaches us to be gentle to humans, animals, birds, and our environment. It instructs us to respect and care for our parents and the elderly; and to be good to our families, spouses, and children. It encourages us to help, feed, and support the weak, the poor, the needy, and the disabled. It urges us to think, ponder, reason, and base our judgments on proof. Have you discovered what It is إ ٠ شغؼ ب ػ غبػذح إطؼب ا ؼؼفبء ا فمشاء ا ؾزبع ١ ا ؼبل ١ غب ذر. إ ٠ ع ب إ ا زفى ١ ش ا زأ اعزخذا ا ؼم أ ج أؽىب ب ػ ا ذ ١ ا ظؾ ١ ؼ. م اكرشفد يا Before I reveal the secret, let me point out that additionally it teaches us that all humans are equal regardless of their race, color, or nationality. instructs us not to hurt, hate, transgress against, put down, or despise others. clearly tells us why we are here, who brought us, where we are heading, and what our final destination is. instructs us to live in peace and good relations with God, self, and others. clearly answers our significant and critical questions. لثم أ أفش نك انسش ذكرشف دم مر دع أش ش إن " أ "أ غ ا... ٠ خجش ب ثأ ع ١ غ ا بط ع اع ١ خ ثغغ ا ظش ػ ا غ ظ أ ا أ ا غ غ ١ خ. ٠ أ ش ب ثأ ال ؤر أ ؼزذ ػ ا ٢ خش ٠, أ ال ؾزمش أ ؼغ لذس. ٠ ج ١ ب ث ػ ػ برا ؾ ب, أ عذ ب,إ أ ٠ ؾ زغ, ب ض ا ب األخ ١ ش. ٠ ششذ ب إ أ ؼ ١ ش ف عال ػاللبد ط ١ جخ غ اهلل (ا خب ك ) غ ا فظ غ ا ٢ خش ٠. ٠ غ ١ ت ث ػ ػ ػ أعئ ز ب ا خ ا ؾبع خ. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 9

20 Indeed, it leads to ultimate truth and success, true peace of mind, real happiness, salvation, and eternal life. ف انذم مح إ ذل إن انذك ان هك ان جاح ان أ ح انسعادج انذم م ح انخالص انذ اج األتذ ح انف ص انعظ ى. Can you believe that this wonderful discovery is م ذظذق أ زا االكرشاف انشائع... Islam? االسالو If our minds are captive to prejudice, preconception, or prejudgment, we will never see the beauty or truth of anything. ع ذيا ذك عم ن ا أس شج نهرذ ض أ انرظ ساخ أ األدكاو ان سثمح فئ ا ن ش أتذ ا ج ال أ دم مح أ ش ء! Clarity about the creation of the universe. Clarity about our creation. Clarity about our spirituality. Clarity and purity in the concept of God. Clarity in the concept of worship. Clarity about the purpose of life. Clarity about the next life. Clarity about our last destination: Paradise or Hell. Clarity about the way to gain true happiness and ultimate pleasure. ا ػ ػ ؽ ي خ ك ا ى. ا ػ ػ ؽ ي خ م ب. ا ػ ػ ؽ ي س ؽب ١ ز ب( ا غ ا ت ا ش ؽب ١ خ ا ظؾ ١ ؾخ.) ا ػ ػ ا مبء ف ف اإل. ا ػ ػ ف ف ا ؼجبدح. ا ػ ػ ف طش ٠ مخ رؾم ١ ك ا غؼبدح ا ؾم ١ م ١ خ ا غش س ا ط ك. ا ػ ػ ؽ ي ا ١ ا ٢ خش. ا ػ ػ ؽ ي ض ا ب األخ ١ ش( ا غ خ ا بس.) Before we take off, let's remember these essential Islamic definitions: لثم أ مهع ف ز انشدهح الكرشاف ج ال اإلسالو عظ ر دع ا رزكش ز انرعش فاخ اإلسالي ح انج ش ح: ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

21 Allah: In Arabic, Allah is the name of the one true God, the Creator. Islam teaches that Allah is the true God of all mankind. Jewish and Christian Arabs use this name (Allah) to refer to God. Muhammad: Is the last Prophet of the one true God (Allah); sent to all mankind. اهلل( سثذا ذعان : ( اهلل اع اإل ا اؽذ ا ؾك ا خب ك ف ا غخ ا ؼشث ١ خ. ٠ ؼ ب اإلعال ثأ اهلل اإل ا ؾك ىبفخ ا جشش.إ ا ١ د ا ظبس ا ؼشة ٠ غزخذ زا االع ( اهلل) إشبسح إ اإل ( God ) يذ ذ: آخش ج أسع اهلل ا اؽذ ا ؾك إ ا بط وبفخ. Islam: Means submission to the Will of the one true God (Allah). Muslim: Is one who submits to the Will of the one true God (Allah ). The Glorious Qur an: Is the final Word of the one true God (Allah) revealed to Prophet Muhammad. اإلسالو: ٠ ؼ ا زغ ١ ا طبػخ االعزغال هلل ا اؽذ ا ؾك. ان سهى: آ ثبهلل أع أطبػ ارجغ ا ج ؾ ذ. T انمشآ انكش ى: وال اهلل ا ؽ ث إ ا ج ؾ ذ, T آخش ا ىزت ا ز أ ض ب اهلل رؼب. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

22 Lecture 11 Translating texts related to Management PERSONNEL POLICIES MANUAL انعايه شؤ س اساخ كر ة Translation Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. **From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Translation Process Map ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

23 ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

24 Lecture 12 Electronic Translation of Texts (Part 1) Electronic Translation of Texts: - Electronic Dictionaries - Mobiles / i-phones - Google Translate Applications ) Let us go to ) Samples on: Media (newspapers) Education انرشج ح اإلنكرش ح نه ظ ص رؤوذ األثؾبس ا ذساعبد ا زخظظخ ثأ ا زشع خ اإل ىزش ١ خ ال ٠ ؼز ذ ػ ١ ب ف دلخ ا ؼ أ ا غ ١ بث ١ خ األع ة رغب غ.ث ؽز ا ىبرت ا ؤعغبد ا الغ اإل ىزش ١ خ ا زغبس ٠ خ ) راد ا ظذال ١ خ ( ا ز رم ثزمذ ٠ ز ا خذ خ رج ١ ب ٠ " :ا زشع اإل ىزش ٠ زظ رشع خ رب خ... إ ١ ظ ثذ ٠ ال ػ ا زشع ا جشش ا ز ى." Electronic Translation of Texts The Electronic Translator will not produce a perfect translation. In most cases it should adequately convey the general sense of the original; however, it is not a substitute for a competent human translator ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

25 Lecture ( 13) Translating Text Types Electronic Translation of Texts-Part 2 (applications) Electronic o Translation of Texts o Electronic Dictionaries ا ف / ج االخ Mobiles / i-phones ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

26 Google Translate يرشجى ل لم Google Translate Applications ( Let us go to o Applications o Translation of text Types (from previous lectures) What is translation? : انرعاس ف: Definitions - 1- Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language text into the receptor language text. غزمج ا ا غخ ظذس ض ؼ م رزأ ف ا زشع خ ض ا غخ. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

27 2- Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language ( Catford, 1965) ا زشع خ ٠ ؼبد ب ث ب اؽذح ث غخ ىز ثخ صبئك اعزجذاي أخش ث غخ ىز ثخ صبئك The American Translators Association (ATA) President Marian S. Greenfield told attendees of the Translation Summit: a fighter pilot than it takes to train an Arabic translator, but the accuracy of the latter may be more important to national security. You can't risk getting the translation wrong." {1} ان رشجى ان اجخ ا زشع ا بعؼ ا ز ٠ غزط ١ غ ط ١ بغخ ا شعب خ أ ا ض ف ا غخ ا م ي إ ١ ب ثأع ة اؽزشاف ٠ غؼ ٠ مشأ ز ا شعب خ ٠ شؼش وأ ب رىزت إال ث ز ا غخ أ وأ ب " طج ١ ؼ ١ خ أ ح انرشج ح - ؼجذ ا زشع خ د سا وج ١ شا فبػال ف م ػ ؼبسف س صبد ا ضمبفبد ا ؾؼبساد ا خز فخ ػجش ا زبس ٠ خ.و ب أع ذ ا زشع خ ف رجبدي األفىبس ا ظب ؼ ا شزشوخ ث ١ األ ا شؼ ة - زشع خ أ ١ خ لظ ػجش ا ؼظ س ثشى ػب ف زا ا ؼظش ثشى خبص.خبطخ ف ظ ا زط ساد ا غ ١ بع ١ خ ا ؼغىش ٠ خ االلزظبد ٠ خ ا زم ١ خ ا ؼ بر ١ خ اإلػال ١ خ غ ١ ش ب ا ز ٠ ش ذ ب ػب ب ا ١. - مذ اؽز ذ ا غخ ا ؼشث ١ خ ا زشع خ ب إ ١ ب شوض ا ظذاسح ف ا غشة ثشى ػب أ ش ٠ ىب ثشى خبص ف أػمبة أؽذاس ا ؾبد ػشش عجز جش ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 7

28 Lecture ( 14) Final Revision (and answering your questions) Translating Text Types (Arabic-English/ English-Arabic): أ اع ض ا زشع خ( ا ؼشث ١ خ - اال غ ١ ض ٠ خ / اال غ ١ ض ٠ خ - ا ؼشث ١ خ:) - It focuses on practice in translating a variety of texts related to culture (religious texts), media, business, linguistic & academic materials. رشوض ػ بسعخ رشع خ ا ؼذ ٠ ذ ا ظ ص ا زؼ مخ ثب ضمبفخ( ا ظ ص ا ذ ١ ٠ خ) اإلػال - ا زغبس ٠ خ ا اد ا غ ٠ خ األوبد ١ ٠ خ. ان جاح أسشاس success: Secrets of - To become successful and competent in mastering English and translation, Remember these SECRETS: زظجؼ بعؼ وفئ ف أرمب رشع خ اإل غ ١ ض ٠ خ أؽفظ ز األعشاس: - If you want to improve your reading, READ! إرا و ذ رشغت ف رؾغ ١ ا مشاءح ألشأ! - If you want to improve your writing, WRITE! إرا و ذ رشغت ف رؾغ ١ وزبثزه أوزت! - If you want to improve your listening, LISTEN! إرا و ذ رشغت ف رؾغ ١ ع بػه أعز غ - If you want to improve your speaking, SPEAK! إرا و ذ رشغت ف رؾغ ١ طمه رى! - If you want to improve your translation, TRANSLATE! إرا و ذ رشغت ف رؾغ ١ رشع زه رشع! ياسط!ياسط!ياسط Practice! Practice! Practice! انرشج ح يا translation? What is انرعاس ف: Definitions 1- Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language text into the receptor language text. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 8

29 ا زشع خ رزأ ف م ؼ غخ ض ا ظذس إ ا غخ ا غزمج خ ض. 2- Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. ( Catford, 1965) ا زشع خ اعزجذاي بدح ظ ١ خ ف غخ اؽذح ث اعطخ ب ٠ ؼبد ب ا اد ا ظ ١ خ ثب غخ األخشس ) ( Catford 3- Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber, 1982) ا زشع خ رزأ ف إػبدح إ زبط ا ظ ص األلشة ف ا غخ ا غزمج خ ث ب ٠ ؼبدي ا طج ١ ؼ ١ ظذس غخ (ا شعب خ أ ال ف ا ظط ؾبد ؽ ١ ش ا ؼ صب ١ ب ؽ ١ ش األع ة( ١ ذا ربثش Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf (Brislin, 1976) ا زشع خ ظط ؼ ػب ٠ ش ١ ش م األفىبس ا ٢ ساء غخ اؽذح( ا ظذس )إ غخ أخشس( ا ذف) ع اء ا غبد ىز ث أ شف ١ ب ع اء أ شأد ر غئخ أ ١ ظ ذ ٠ ب مب ١٠ ظ أ رغز ذ ػ ػال بد اؽذ ز ا غبد أ و زب ب و ب ؾبي غ غخ اإلشبسح ظ - 5- Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for an SL utterance. (Pinhuhuck, 1977:38) ا زشع خ ػ ١ خ إ ٠ غبد ب ٠ ؼبدي( TL غخ ا ذف ) ؾظ ي ػ ( SL غخ ا ظذس ) طك (( ا ىال )) 6- Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. ا زشع خ االرظبي ث ؼ ض غخ ا ظذس ث اعطخ ب ٠ ؼبد ب عبئ ض ا غخ ا غز ذفخ. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 9

30 7- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ٠ ى ١ ج ١ ذ ٠ ب ا ع ػخ ا ؾشح Translation Process Map The Importance of Translation From An Arabic & Islamic Perspective أ ح انرشج ح ي ي ظ س عشت إسالي " ٠ ب أ ٠ ب ا بط إ ب خش م بو روش أ ض عؼ بو شؼ ثب لجبئ زؼبسف ا ز دػ ح إل غب ثأ ٠ زؼبسف ٠ ز اط ا زؼبسف ا ز اط ث ١ األ ا شؼ ة ال ٠ ز إال ثب غبد ا زشع خ أ ح انرشج ح - ؼجذ ا زشع خ د سا وج ١ شا فبػال ف م ػ ؼبسف س صبد ا ضمبفبد ا ؾؼبساد ا خز فخ ػجش ا زبس ٠ خ.و ب أع ذ ا زشع خ ف رجبدي األفىبس ا ظب ؼ ا شزشوخ ث ١ األ ا شؼ ة. - زشع خ أ ١ خ لظ ػجش ا ؼظ س ثشى ػب ف زا ا ؼظش ثشى خشاص.خشاطخ ف ظ ا زط ساد ا غ ١ بع ١ خ ا ؼغىش ٠ خ االلزظبد ٠ خ ا زم ١ خ ا ؼ بر ١ خ اإلػال ١ خ غ ١ ش ب ا ز ٠ ش ذ ب ػب ب ا ١. مذ اؽز ذ ا غخ ا ؼشث ١ خ ا زشع خ ب إ ١ ب شوض ا ظذاسح ف ا غشة ثشى ػب أ ش ٠ ىب ثشى خشاص ف أػمبة أؽذاس ا ؾبد ػشش عجز جش فؼ عج ١ ا ضبي ػمذد ف ا ال ٠ بد ا زؾذح األ ش ٠ ى ١ خ ف ػب ) 1002 )أ ي ل خ ل ١ خ ؽ ي ا زشع خ. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

31 The First National Translation Summit ف ز ا م خ ا ز ع ؼذ خجخ ا غ ١ بع ١١ ا ؼغىش ١٠ ا زخظظ ١ ف ا غخ ا زشع خ غ ١ ش رؾذصذ سئ ١ غخ ع ؼ ١ خ ا زشع ١ األ ش ٠ ى ١ خ ١ ش ٠ ب غش ٠ ف ١١ ذ أخشثشد ا شبسو ١ ا ؾبػش ٠ ف ز ا م خ( ا خبطخ ثب زشع خ ) ب ٠ م زا ا خجش: The American Translators Association (ATA) President Marian S. Greenfield told attendees of the Translation Summit: "It takes less time to train an airman to become a fighter pilot than it takes to train an Arabic translator, but the accuracy of the latter may be more important to national security. You can't risk getting the translation ع ايم يؤششج ف لشاءج ان ض ذشج ر أ ال :انع ايم انشخظ ح: wrong." {1} رش ١ ش إ ا غ ا ت ا خبطخ ثب زشع أ ا ز م زشع خ رش طج ١ ؼز غ ارغب بر ل بػبر اػزمبدار أ ب ز ػ ش غز ػ روبئ ؽى ز صمبفز خشثشر رغشثز ١ بسار خش ف ١ ز ا ذ ١ ٠ خ ا ضمبف ١ خ غ ١ ش ب أ س فغ ١ خ ؤصشح. ضبي ػ رأص ١ ش ا خ ف ١ بد ا ذ ١ ٠ خ ا ضمبف ١ خ ( schemata ) ػ لشاءح ا ض رشع خ ؼ ب دساعخ ١ ذا ١ خ ل ذ ث ب خشالي دساعز شؽ خ ا ذوز سا. ؽ ١ ش صػذ اعزجب ػ ػ ١ خ ػش ائ ١ خ طالة طب جبد عب ؼخ ال ٠ خ ١ شغ األ ش ٠ ى ١ خ. وب ا غؤاي ا ع شبسو ١ ف ا ذساعخ إعبثبر و ب ٠ : فؼال ا ظش إن انشش ذح انران ح عؤاي : فمب ى إ برا ٠ ش ١ ش ض" اهلل " سد د ا شبسو ١ Question: According to you, what does the text GOD" refers to? Participants responses: God refers to Allah God refers to Buddha God refers to Jesus God refers to Kami God refers to Rama God refers to Brahma ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

32 God refers to The Creator alone God refers to nothing. There is no god God refers to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit شا ا :انع ايم انهغ ح ب ب ٠ زؼ ك ثب ؾ ل اػذ ا غخ ا فشداد األعب ١ ت ا ؼب ا ذالالد ا ظب ا ظ ر ذ ا زشبث أ االخشرالف ث ١ ا غخ ا ظذس) ) SL ا غخ ا ذف(. ) TL Assignment: Translate the previous Arabic texts into English. Thanks! رشع ا ظ ص اإل غ ١ ض ٠ خ ا غبثمخ إ ا ؼشث ١ خ Types of Texts - The text type-typology approach Genre-based classification of texts to be translated: ا ع ا مبئ ػ رظ ١ ف ا ظ ص زشع خ Fedorov (1953) - 3 groups of texts: 1) news and reviews, official and technical documents, and scientific texts, األخجبس ا مبالد ا صبئك ا شع ١ خ ا ف ١ خ ا ؼ ١ خ ا ظ ص 2) political texts, newspaper editorials, and speeches, ا ظ ص ا غ ١ بع ١ خ افززبؽ ١ بد ا ظؾف ا خطت 3) Literary texts. ا ظ ص األدث ١ خ Mounin (1967) - 7 groups: - Religious texts, literary texts, poetry, children s literature, stage texts, movie texts, and technical texts. translation-focused text typology 1- content-focused texts: (descriptive function) 2- form-focused texts: (expressive function) 3- appeal-focused texts: the (appeal function) 4- audio-medial text type: (reaches the receptor not via printed media) ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

33 (1) The translation of content-focused texts For example: - Press releases, commentaries, news reports, users manuals, copyright specifications, official documents, non-fiction, specialized books, essays, reports. - They are focused on conveying information. - The translator s task is to transmit the SL content in full. (2) Translation of form-focused texts For example: - literary prose (essays, biographies), Imaginative prose (anecdotes, short stories), poetry. (3) Translation of appeal-focused texts For example: - Commercials, ads, texts related to missionary work, propaganda materials. - Both the content and the form are intended to provoke a particular reaction in the listener or reader (appeals for likes and dislikes, or for specific actions -- e.g., shopping -- or the ceasing of specific actions: e.g., smoking). - The aim of the translator is not to reflect the content or the form of the SL text, but to appeal. (4) Translation of audio-medial texts For example: - Radio and television materials and theatre plays the message reaches the receiver (audience, listener) via a channel. The typology of specialized texts - Vannikov s (1987) study: - A detailed and multidimensional typology of specialized texts. ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

34 11 features on the basis of which scientific and technical texts have to be characterized to provide sufficient guidance for translators: 1- Characterization of text on the basis of linguistic organization 1) Texts with a rigorous structure and with strict linguistic formulation, 2) Texts with a soft structure, allowing the translator greater variety regarding linguistic formulation; 2- Characterization on the basis of the functional style 1. Scientific texts 2. Technical texts 3. Official texts 4. Legal texts 5. Journalistic texts 3- Characterization on the basis of functional register a- Scientific texts 1- Academic texts, 2- Texts with an educational purpose, 3- Encyclopedic texts); b- Technical texts 1- Technical descriptions, 2- Instructions, 3- Technical information); c- Official texts 1- Official directions, 2- Management texts, 3- Official correspondence) ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

35 d- Legal texts 1- Technical documentation, 2- Descriptions of inventions, 3- Patent management texts); e- Journalistic texts 1- Scientific journalistic texts 2- Popular science texts 4- Characterization on the basis of manner of expression a- Narrative texts, b- Descriptive texts, c- Explanatory texts, d- Argumentative texts, 5- Characterization on the basis of logical content ا بلشخ / ا ؼشع a- Exposition/Discussion ا زجش ٠ ش Justification, b- ا خالطخ c- Conclusion ا زؼش ٠ ف d- Definition 6- On the basis of subject-related contents 1- Texts in exact sciences, 2- Texts in natural sciences, 3- Texts in social sciences; ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

36 7- On the basis of manner of communication 1- Texts for oral communication 2- Texts for written communication 8- On the basis of genre 1- Book سعب ػ ١ خ -2 Monograph 3- Article/Paper خطجخ ط خ -4 Dissertation 5- Presentation/Lecture 6- Letter 7- Report 8- Comments 9- On the basis of the primary or secondary nature of the information 1- Primary information, 2- Secondary information ا زمش ٠ ش Report, a- ا ششػ Annotation, b- ا شاعؼخ Review, c- d- Bibliographical description,, ا ف شط e- Bibliography 10- On the basis of expressive-stylistic features 1- Stylistically rich/colorful text 2- Stylistically poor/not colorful text ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ

37 11- On the basis of general pragmatic feature 1- Texts addressed to the SL reader 2- Texts addressed to the TL reader 3- Texts addressed to any audience Translation of religious texts ( ي أ د س ل ا ل ي د ع ا إ ن انم ع م ط ال ادا ل ال إ ي ان س ه )س سج فظهد : آ ح 33 Who is better in speech than one who invites (mankind) to Allah, works righteousness, and says: I am one of the Muslims? 41: 33 (أل ٠ ذ اهلل ثه سعال اؽذا خ ١ ش ه ؽ ش ا ؼ ) If Allah guides through you one person; it is better for you than the red camels. إ انه ي الئ ك ر أ م انس اخ األ س ع د ر ان ه ح ف ج ذ ش ا د ر ان ذ خ ف ان ث ذ ش ن ظ ه ع ه ي ع ه ى ان اط ان خ ش Allah, His angels, the inhabitants of the heavens and earth, even the ant in its nest and the whale in the see, do pray for the one who teaches goodness to people. The Oneness of God in the Quran Say: He is God the One; God the Eternal, the Absolute; He begets not nor is He begotten; and there is none like unto Him. The Qur an 112:1-4 The Oneness of God in the Bible - Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is One Lord. Deuteronomy 6:4 - There is no other god besides Me. Isaiah 44: 21 اع غ ٠ ب إعشائ ١ :ا شة إ ب سة اؽذ ال ٠ عذ ا غ ١ ش ثغب ج ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 7

38 - Why do you call me good? There is none good but One, that is, God. Matthew 19:17 " برا رذػ طب ؾب... بن ال ش ء ع ١ ذ ى اؽذ زا اهلل Translating Texts: Problems & Solutions انهغح يك اخ: Components Language Grammar Vocabulary (words) Style Phonology ( sounds) ان ذ ح ان شاكم: Problems Grammatical Different word order Different grammar translation of verbs: be, do, have translation of tenses translation of articles: the, a, an ان عج ح ان شكالخ Problems: Lexical o Literal translation of meaning o Collocations o Idioms o proverbs : األسه ب يشاكم: Problems Stylistic formality / informality redundancy irony ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 8

39 انظ ذ ح ان شاكم Problems: Phonological sounds ( different sounds like: p, v, g) stress rhyme Translating texts Related to Business & Management Electronic Translation of Texts ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ 9

40 - انرشج ح اإلنكرش ح نه ظ ص - رؤوذ األثؾبس ا ذساعبد ا زخظظخ ثأ ا زشع خ اإل ىزش ١ خ ال ٠ ؼز ذ ػ ١ ب ف دلخ ا ؼ أ ا غ ١ بث ١ خ األع ة رغب غ.ث ؽز ا ىبرت ا ؤعغبد ا الغ اإل ىزش ١ خ ا زغبس ٠ خ ) راد ا ظذال ١ خ ( ا ز رم ثزمذ ٠ ز ا خذ خ رج ١ ب ٠ " :ا زشع اإل ىزش ٠ زظ رشع خ رب خ...إ ١ ظ ثذ ٠ ال ػ ا زشع ا جشش ا ز ى." - Electronic Translation of Texts The Electronic Translator will not produce a perfect translation. In most cases it should adequately convey the general sense of the original; however, it is not a substitute for a competent human translator" I wish success to all ا ؼزم ا ظفؾخ