Easy Balaaghah

النسخ

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3 المقدمة 7 الفصاحة 8 فصاحة الكلمة 8 فصاحة الكالم 10 فصاحة املتكلم 15 البالغة 16 بالغة الكالم 16 بالغة املتكلم 17 علم المعانى 19 اخلرب و اإلنساء 20 الغرض من إلقاء اخلرب 23 كيفية إلقاء اخلرب )أضرب اخلرب( 26 خروج اخلرب عن مقتضى الظاهر 27 اإلنشاء 29 األمر 30 النهى 34 االستفهام 36 التمىن 41 النداء 43 الذكر و احلذف 46 حذف املسند إليه 49 حذف املسند و املفعول 51 Page 3

4 التقدمي و التأخري 53 تقدمي املسند 56 ترتيب اجلملة الفعلية 57 التعريف و التنكري 60 الضمري 60 الع لم 61 اسم اإلشارة 62 اسم املوصول 64 ال م حل ى بأل 66 املضاف ل معرفة 67 املنادى 69 التنكري 70 اإلطالق و التقييد 72 القصر 73 طرق القصر 76 الوصل و الفصل 78 الفصل 80 اإلجياز و املساواة و اإلطناب 84 املساواة 84 اإلجياز 84 اإلطناب 87 إخراج الكالم على خالف مقتض ى الظاهر 93 وضع املظه ر موضع املضم ر 93 وضع املضم ر موضع املظه ر 93 Page 4

5 وضع املاضى موضع املضارع 94 وضع املضارع موضع املاضى 94 وضع اخلرب موضع اإلنشاء 95 التغليب 95 علم البيان 97 التشبيه 97 أنواع التشبيه 101 تشبيه التمثيل 103 التشبيه املقلوب 105 التشبيه الضمىن 106 اجملاز 107 االستعارة 109 االستعارة األصلية و التبعية 112 املرش حة و اجملر دة و املطلقة 116 االستعارة التمثيلية 118 اجملاز املرس ل 119 اجملاز العقلى 124 الكناية 127 علم البديع 131 المحسنات المعنوية 132 التورية 132 الطباق 133 املقابلة 135 مراعاة النظري 136 Page 5

6 اجلمع 137 التفريق 138 التقسيم 139 اللف و النشر 140 ح سن التعليل 141 تأكيد املدح ب ا يشبه الذم و عكسه 142 أسلوب احلكيم 144 تعارف اجلاهل 146 االفتنان 147 النزاهة 149 إرسال ال م ث ل 150 ائتالف اللفظ و املعىن 151 املبالغة 152 االستخدام 154 تشابه األطراف 155 المحس نات اللفظية 157 اجلناس 157 السجع 159 االقتباس 160 التضمني 161 التلميح 163 Page 6

7 بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم Page 7

8 اإلنتساب... إلى كل ب حر عل منى السباحة فى البحر Page 8

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10 فصاحة The Definition of أفص ح الصب ي The Arabs say ظهور and بيان is فصاحة definition of لغوى The when the speech of the infant is clear. اصطالحا it is used to متكلم and the كالم the,كلمة describe the فصاحة الكلمة A كلمة is described as فصيح when it is free of the following factors: تنافر احلروف.1 خمالفة القياس.2 الغرابة.3 ##### ##### ##### that constitute حروف is when the combination of the تنافر الحروف كلمات cause difficulty in its pronunciation. Examples of كلمة the that suffer from تنافر احلروف are: الظش (a jagged place) on) (a plant which camels graze ال ع خع water) (clean الن قاح ##### ##### ##### Page 10

11 contravenes the كلمة is when the construction of the مخالفة القياس laws of صرف Examples of a word in which there is خمالفة القياس are: Example One: بوقات (horns, trumpets) in the following stanza of Al-Mutanabbi: فان يكن بعض الناس سيفا للدولة ففى الناس بوقات لا و طبول If somebody among the people is a sword unto the kingdom There are among them those who are unto it trumpets and drums Al-Mutanabbi used بوقات as the plural of بوق However, the laws of أبواق demand that its plural should be صرف Example Two: موددة in Al-Mutanabbi s statement: ان بىن ل ل ئام زه ده ما ىل ىف صدورهم من م و د د ه My children are vile and unconcerned There is no love for me in their hearts The word م و د ده does not conform with the laws of صرف It should د with a shuddah (sign of tashdeed) on the letter م و دة be Example Three: The word األجل ل in the following stanza of Abu- Najm Ibn Qudaamah: ى األجل ل أنت مليك الناس ربا فاقبل احلمد هلل العل All praise is to Allah The Most High and Magnificent You (O Allah) are the king of the people (and their Rabb), Therefore accept (my du aa) According to the laws of صرف he should have said األجل instead of األجل ل Page 11

12 is unclear and uncommon كلمة is when the meaning of the الغرابة فصحاء among the Examples: اف ر نق ع (he went away) اطل خ م (it was severe) بعاق (rain) فصاحة الكالم ##### ##### ##### factors: when it is free of the following فصيح is described as كالم تنافر الكلمات.1 ضعف التأليف.2 التعقيد اللفظى.3 التعقيد املعنوى.4 ##### ##### ##### is when the combination of the words in the تنافر الكلمات sentence are difficult on the tongue and the ear. Example One: و قرب حرب بكان قفر و ليس قرب ق رب حرب قرب The grave of harb is in a barren place And there is no (other) grave close to the grave of Harb Page 12

13 Some scholars note that it is impossible to repeat this stanza three times without faltering. The reason for this being the closeness between the خمارج of the letters in each word. Thus, although each word on its own is neither heavy nor disliked (by the Arabs), their combination in this stanza is awkward. Example Two: كرمي مىت أمدح ه أمدح ه و الورى مع ى و اذا ما ملت ه ملت ه و ح د ى (He is a) noble man; when I praise him, I praise him and the entire creation do so with me And when I criticize him, I criticize him on my own ##### ##### ##### does not (تركيب) is when the sentence construction ضعف التأليف comply to the laws of حنو (Arabic grammer). Example One: و لو أن جمد ا أخل د الدهر واحد ا م ن الناس أبقى جمد ه الدهر م طع م ا If anybody s honour could cause him to live forever His honour would keep Mut im alive forever The construction of this stanza is grammatically incorrect because the ضمري is supposed to refer to a previously mentioned م طع م ا refers to جمد ه in ضمري In this stanza, however, the اسم ظاهر which is only mentioned after it. Page 13

14 Example Two: ج ز ى ب ن وه أبا الغيالن عن كرب وح سن ف عل كما ج و ز ي س ن م ار His sons rewarded Abul-Ghailaan due to old age and good deeds just as Sinimmaar was rewarded Once again the ضمري precedes its مرجع (the اسم ظاهر it refers to). Hence this stanza is also grammatically incorrect. ##### ##### ##### causes obscurity in the من جهة اللفظ is when a factor التعقيد اللفظى meaning of the كالم Such factors could be: تقدمي الكلمات أو تأخريها عن مواطنها األصلية (mentioning of words before or after their correct positions). الفصل بني الكلمات الىت جيب أن تتجاوز (separation between such words which are supposed to be next to each other). احلذف (non mentioning of a word that should be mentioned). اإلضمار (utilisation of a ضمري where an اسم ظاهر should be utilised) Example One: دالئل خ ف ج ت وهم ال جيف خ ون هبا هبم ش ي م على احل س ب األغ ر Traits indicative of noble lineage boasted about them yet they do not boast of them (those traits) The cause of the obscurity in the meaning of this stanza of Al- Mutanabbi is الفصل Consider the فصل between ش ي م and its صفة (i.e. be: The correct construction would.(دالئل خ ف ج ت هبم ش ي م دالئل على احل س ب األغ ر وهم ال جيف خ ون هبا Page 14

15 Example Two: أ ن يك ون أبا الرب ية آد م وأب وك والث ق الن أنت حم م د How can Aadam be the father of mankind whereas your father is Muhammed and you are the two mighty creations There are three causes of obscurity in the meaning of this stanza of Al-Mutanabbi: التقدمي The of يك ون appears before its والث ق الن أن ت in مبتدأ appears before its خرب The التقدمي (حم م د ( خرب and its (وأب وك ( مبتدأ The separation between the الفصل The correct construction would be: أ ن يك و ن آد م أبا الرب ية وأب وك حم م د و أن ت الث ق ال ن (Note: Apart from the above discrepancies, the meaning of this stanza is still improper.) ##### ##### ##### is when obscurity in the meaning is caused by usage التعقيد المعنوى of such metaphors جمازات) and (كنايات which cannot be understood. Example One: The word ع ني is commonly used in the meaning of (tongues) in the ألسنة (spy). Thus, usage of the word جاسوس التعقيد املعنوى (spies) is an example of جواسيس meaning of Example Two: ك سا وج ه ه ا س عف م نتشر - وأ ر ك ب يف الر و ع خ يفانة Its face was draped with an opened date leaf And in fear I mount a locust (lightweight horse) Page 15

16 In this stanza the poet, Imru-ul-Qays, is praising his horse. Doing so he mentions two qualities: 1. The hair on its head is as long as date leaves and thus covers its head. 2. It is as light as a locust and hence very fast. There is تعقيد معنوى in the first quality because the Arabs generally disapproved of horses with so long hair that covers the eyes. In fact, they regarded such horses as slow. Usage of the same quality to describe a fast horse is therefore inappropriate. تعقيد write that although there is no البالغة الواضحة The authors of (which means locust) in the خ يفانة in usage of the word معنوى meaning of horse, it is a weak comparison. Example Three: ج ذ بت ن داه غدوة الس ب ت جذ بة فخر صريعا بني أيد ي القصائد On Saturday morning a pulled his generosity so firmly He feinted in front of my poems In this stanza, the aim of the poet (Abu Tammaam) is to inform us that he received a generous gift from the م د و ح (person who he is praising) and thus said a few couplets praising him. However, there is تعقيد معنوى in the statement he feinted in front of my poems because: having received a gift from somebody, would it not be ungrateful to thereafter cause him to feint? Example Four: سأطل ب ب عد الدار عنكم لتقر ب وا و ت سك ب ع يناي الد م وع لت جم دا I will seek a distant house from you so that you would be close And my eyes would shed tears until they get dry Page 16

17 Addressing his beloved the poet says that he would prefer living far from them so that: 1. They would always remain in his thoughts. (Absence makes the hearts grow fonder.) 2. He could cry for them until he can cry no more. However, his message is obscure because normally, inability to cry is regarded as an indication of indifference instead of fondness and affection. Usage of this idea has therefore caused stanza. in the above تعقيد معنوى ##### ##### ##### is the speaker s ability to always express himself in a فصاحة المتكلم manner. فصيح ##### ##### ##### The following table represents the impediments of فصاحة and the requirements in order to identify and remedy them. Impediments التنافر خمالفة القياس الغرابة ضعف التأليف التعقيد اللفظى التعقيد املعنوى Requirements الذوق الصرف Frequent study of Arabic literature النحو النحو البيان Page 17

18 بالغة The Definition of The لغوى definition of بالغة is بل غ ف الن مراد ه He reached his goal. say: The Arabs اإلنتهاء and الوصول city. The riders reached the بلغ الرك ب املدينة متكلم and the كالم it is used to describe the اصطالحا ##### ##### ##### بالغة الكالم Before defining بالغة الكالم we have to understand the meaning of املطابقة and املقتض ى, احلال makes his statement in a متكلم is the reason for which the احلال املقام particular manner. It is also called It is احلال is the particular manner of speech demanded by املقتض ى اإلعتبار امل ناس ب also called is presented in the manner demanded by كالم is when the املطابقة احلال Example One: (presentation of a long-winded speech) is recommended if اطناب you intend praising somebody. In such an instance, املدح (praise) is the اطناب, حال is the مقتض ى and utilisation of اطناب in one s كالم is مطابقة Page 18

19 Example Two: (when voicing انكار (emphasis) is required at the time of توكيد disapproval). Thus, انكار is the توكيد, حال is the مقتض ى and utilisation مطابقة is كالم in one s توكيد of The definition of بالغة الكالم is therefore مطاب قت ه ملقت ض ى احلال مع فصاحته speech that corresponds with the situation فصيح ##### ##### ##### is the speaker s ability to always express himself in a بالغة المتكل م manner. بليغ Note One: In order to identify األحوال and their مقتضيات it is علم املعا ن imperative to study Note Two: علم البالغة comprises of three sections: علم املعا ن.1 علم البيان.2 علم البديع.3 The laws of each sectioned will be explained according to the above sequence, Insha Allah. Page 19

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21 علم المعانى is defined as a set of rules by means of which the علم املعا ن student gains awareness of the أحوال of اللفظ العريب so that he could حال of the مقتض ى choose his words according to the study: comprises of eight areas of علم املعا ن اخلرب و اإلنشاء.1 الذكر و احلذف.2 التقدمي و التأخري.3 التعريف و التنكري.4 اإلطالق و التقييد.5 القصر.6 الوصل و الفصل.7 اإلجياز و اإلطناب و املساواة.8 In this book the above areas of study have been spread over nine chapters. Page 21

22 علم المعانى Chapter One الخبر و اإلنشاء types: is of two كالم خرب.1 إنشاء.2 is when the speaker, irrespective of who he is, could be خرب كاذب or صادق described as either غىن ل ت ر ى عليه خماي ل الفقر إن البخيل و إن أفاد Even if the misers earns wealth Signs of need will always be observed in him Many people agree with this statement of Abul- Itaahiyah. The fact that they can describe it as true means that it خرب must be classified as is when the speaker, irrespective of who he is, can إنشاء كاذب nor صادق neither be described as ال تتكل م با ال يعنيك و د ع الكالم ىفكثري ما يعنيك حىت جتد له مو ض ع ا Do not speak regarding matters that do not concern you and do not speak too much regarding matters that concern you until you find an (appropriate) opportunity. These words were uttered by Ibn Abbaas radiallahu anhu. كاذب nor صادق In these words he can neither be described as إنشاء Hence, this statement is classified as Page 22

23 In both types of كالم (i.e. خرب and (إنشاء every sentence will comprise of two أركان (basic elements): This will be any (مسند إليه (which is also called the حمكوم عليه 1. of the following: الفاعل نائب الفاعل املبتدأ الذى له خرب ما أصل ه املبتدأ كاسم كان و أخواهتا This will be any of (مسند به (which is also called the حمكوم به 2. the following: الفعل التا م اسم الفعل اخلرب املبتدأ الذى ليس له خرب ما أصله خرب املبتدأ كخرب كان و أخواهتا املصدر النائب عن فعل األمر Everything in excess of the حمكوم عليه and the حمكوم به (besides قيود The following are all ق يد is a (صلة املوصول and the مضاف إليه the أدوات الشرط أدوات النفى املفاعيل احلال التمييز النواسخ Page 23

24 الس لذت بعفوك و است جرت بص فح ك فأذ ق ىن حالوة الر ضا و أن س ىن مرارة خط فيما م ض ى I sought refuge in your forgiveness, therefore allow me to taste the sweetness of contentment and make me forget the bitterness of anger over the past الجملة النوع المسند إليه لذت بعفوك است جرت بص فح ك فأذ ق ىن حالوة الر ضا أن س ىن مرارة الس خط فيما م ض ى خربية خربية إنشائية إنشائية الفاعل )ألضمري أملسترت ىف الفعل( الفاعل )ألضمري أملسترت ىف الفعل( الفاعل )ألضمري أملسترت ىف الفعل( الفاعل )ألضمري أملسترت ىف الفعل( المسند الفعل )الذ( الفعل )استخار( الفعل )أذق( الفعل )أنس ) ##### ##### ##### Page 24

25 Chapter One (A) الغرض من إلقاء الخبر خرب There are two fundamental purposes of 1. To inform the خم اط ب of the ح كم contained in the خرب This فائدة اخلرب is called the ح كم ت و يف عمر بن اخلط اب )رضي اهلل عنه( سنة ثالث و عشرين م ن ال جرة Umar bin Khattaab radiallahu anhu passed away in the twenty third year after the hijrah. (It is quite obvious that the purpose of this خرب is nothing more than to inform the خم اط ب of the date of Umar bin Khattaab s radiallahu anhu death.) 2. To inform the خم اط ب that the م تكل م is aware of the ح كم This الزم الفائدة is called ل ق د أدب ت ب ن ي ك بالل ني و ال ر ف ق ال بالق سو ة و الع ق اب You disciplined your sons with gentleness and kindness instead of harshness and punishment. The خم اط ب is fully aware of how he disciplined his sons. فائدة is definitely not م تكل م Therefore, the purpose of this.(خرب contained in his ح كم of the خم اط ب (to inform the اخلرب Instead, his purpose is to inform the خم اط ب that he is aware of how he disciplined his sons. Page 25

26 Sometimes خرب is utilised for other purposes including: mercy) (asking for اسرتحام 1. The statement of Moosa alaihis-salaam: ر ب إ ن مل ا أنزل ت إيل م ن خ ري ف ق ري O my Rabb! I am certainly in need of the good that you have revealed to me. Surely Moosa s alaihis-salaam intention was not to inform Allah of his need. He was fully aware that Allah is All-Knowing. Similarly, his intention was definitely not to inform Allah that he too is aware of his need. We understand from the سياق (context) of the above statement that his aim was اسرتحام (asking for Allah s mercy) weakness) (revelation of إظهار الض عف 2. The statement of Zakariyya alaihis-salaam: رب إ ن و ه ن الع ظم م ىن و اش تع ل الر أس ش ي ب ا O my Rabb! My bones are weak and my hair has turned grey. Here too, Zakariyya s alaihis-salaam intention is neither سياق We understand from the الزم الفائدة nor فائدة اخلرب إظهار (context) of the above statement that his aim was weakness). (expression of his الض عف regret) (announcement of إظهار التح يسر 3. The statement of Nooh alaihis-salaam: رب إن ق و م ىكذ ب و ن Page 26

27 O my Rabb! My people have belied me. الزم الفائدة nor فائدة اخلرب Once again the intention is neither Instead, Nooh alaihis-salaam is expressing his regret over the disbelief of his people. boast) (to الفخر 4. Amr bin Kulthoom said: إذا ب ل غ الف طام لنا ص ب ت ير له اجل ب اب ر س اج د ي ن ا When an infant belonging to us is weaned The tyrants fall in prostration to him The aim of the poet in this stanza is obvious he is merely boasting of his tribe. (encouragement of hard work and احل يث على السعى و اجلد.5 diligence) Taahir bin Husain was a minister of the Abbaasi khaleefah Ma moon. Thinking that the governor, Abbaas bin Moosa, had delayed in collecting the taxes from the public, he sent him the following message: ليس أخ و احل اج ات م ن ب ات ن ائ م ا و و لك ن أخ و ه ا م ن ي ب ي ت ع ل ى و ج ل The person in need does not spend the night sleeping Instead, he spends the night in fear الزم nor the فائدة اخلرب Taahir bin Husain s aim is neither the His aim is merely to encourage Abbaas bin Moosa الفائدة to work harder. Page 27

28 Chapter One (B) كيفية إلقاء الخبر )أضر ب الخبر( خرب the,(ح كم (unaware of the خاىل الذهن عن احلكم is خم اط ب If the should be presented without any أدوات التأكيد (particles of خرب ابتدائي is called خرب emphasis). This type of If the خم اط ب is doubtful regarding the ح كم but desires to know the truth, تأكيد (emphasis) is desirable. This type of خرب is خرب طلب called If the خم اط ب is denying the ح كم, it will be imperative to use one or more of the أدوات التأكيد (dependant on the strength and weakness of the denial). If you wish to inform the خم اط ب that his brother is coming and he (the اط ب (خم is أخوك قادم say: merely it will be sufficient for you to خاىل الذهن عن احلكم If the خم اط ب is doubting you, it would be desirable to utilise a إن أخاك قادم like: Thus you should say something تأكيد little bit of However, if the خم اط ب is disbelieving you, it would be necessary to utilise one or more أدوات التأكيد Thus you should و اهلل إن ه ل قاد م or إن أخاك ل قادم like: say something Page 28

29 There are many different أدوات التأكيد among which are: إن أن الق سم الم اإلبتداء ن ونا التأكيد أحر ف التنبيه احلروف الزائدة ق د أم ا الشرطية Chapter One (C) خروج الخبر عن مقتضى الظاهر Due to various reasons considered by the م تكل م the خرب is sometimes presented contrary to the demand of the rules mentioned in the previous chapter. One such reason could be that the خاىل الذهن is treated as if he ر د د is had already م تكل م (doubtful). This happens when the م ت خرب of the حكم hinted to the و ما أبر ئ نف س ى إن النفس ألم ارة ب ال يسو ء I do not declare myself innocent; surely nafs is an excessive commander of evil. Page 29

30 الذهن is خم اط ب The mentioned in the حكم regarding the خا ىل words إن النفس ألم ارة ب ال يسو ء Therefore there is no apparent need for تأكيد However, since this statement is preceded by the حكم which indicate to an unfavourable و ما أبر ئ نف س ى words regarding the nafs, the خم اط ب is now eager to identify that is included تأكيد (doubtful) and م ت ر د د Thus he is treated as حكم خرب in the Another reason is that خم اط ب who is not م نك ر (disputing the This happens when he displays م نك ر is treated as if he is (حكم apparent signs of إنكار (disbelief, rejection). ث إن ك م ب عد ذل ك ل م ي ت و ن Thereafter you all are going to die. The خم اط ب ني in this aayah are not م نك ر They do not deny that one day they will all have to leave the world. Apparently there is therefore no need for تأكيد However, they were treated as م نك ر and تأكيد was applied because of the negligent م نك ر way in which they lead their lives; as if they are A third reason is treatment of the م نك ر as if he is not so. This is done when there are دالئل و شواهد (proof, evidence) which, if إنكار he would desist from,خم اط ب studied by the Addressing the idolaters Allah says: و إلكم إله واح د Your deity is one. Page 30

31 The fact that the خم اط ب ني were idolaters who deny the oneness أدوات التأكيد of Allah demanded the usage of one or more However, the خم اط ب ني have been treated as if they are not denying Allah s oneness because the دالئل و شواهد in this regard are just so many and so evident that if they ponder over them, they will certainly desist from idol-worship. Hence, no أدوات التأكيد were used. علم المعانى Chapter Two اإلنشاء إنشاء There are two types of طلب.1 غري طلب.2 In the first type the م تكل م seeks something which is not available at that moment in time. In the second type the م تكل م does not seek anything. The first type comprises of five types: أمر.1 هنى.2 استفهام.3 متىن.4 نداء.5 Page 31

32 The second type appears in various forms. Some of them are: ت ع يجب.1 مدح.2 ذم.3 قسم.4 أفعال الرجاء.5 مجيع ص ي غ الع ق ود.6 ر ب.7 كم اخلرب ي ة.8 None of the various forms of إنشاء غري طلب fall under the ambits of علم املعا ن and will hence not be discussed in this book. Chapter Two (A) األمر is when a person in authority commands his subordinate أمر to do an action. أمر There are four word forms for فعل األمر.1 خ ذ الكتاب ب ق وة in the aayah خ ذ The word امل ض ار ع املق رو ن بال م األمر.2 و ل ي و ف و ا ن ذ و ر ه م in the aayah و ل ي و ف و ا The word اسم فعل األمر.3 Page 32

33 ح ي على الفالح in ح ي The word املصدر النائب عن فعل األمر.4 و ب الو ال د ين إحسانا in the aayah إحسانا The word The word forms of أمر are sometimes used for meanings other than it s أصل (original) meaning. Some of these other meanings are: (advice) إرشاد 1. Example One: إذا تداينت م بد ين إىل أجل فاكتبوه When you engage in a credit transaction until a specified period of time, make a note of it. Example Two: شاو ر س واك إذا نابت ك نائبة يوما و إن نت م ن أهل املش ورات Consult with others if one day you are afflicted with a calamity even though you may among those who are consulted. Allah) (when making du aa to دعاء 2. Example One: رب أو ز عىن أن أشك ر ك O Rabb! Guide me to be grateful to you. Example Two: فيا موت ز ر إن احلياة ذميمة و نفس ج د ى إن دهر ك هازل O death, visit (me); surely life is despicable O nafs, be serious; surely your time is taking things lightly Page 33

34 request) (a التماس 3. Example One: When you tell your counterpart (somebody equal to you): أعط ىن الك تاب (Give me the book). Example Two: الل وى و بني الد خ ول ف ح و م ل ق فا ن ب ك م ن ذ ك ر ى حبيب و م ن ز ل بس ق ط Stop! Let s cry in remembrance of a beloved and (his) home Between (the places of) Saqt-il-Liwaa and Howmal (desire) مت ىن 4. Example One: صبح وما اإل صب ا ح منك ب أ مث ل الطويل أال اجن ل ب الليل أال أيها O lengthy night! Will you not expose the morning? (Although) the morning is not better than you Example Two: يا ليل ط ل و يا نوم ز ل يا صبح ق ف ال تطلع O night, be lengthy and O sleep, get away! O morning, stop! Don t rise! choice) (giving of a تيري 5. Example One: فع ش واحد ا أو ص ل أخاك فإن ه م قار ف ذنب مر ة و جم ان ب ه Live on your own or maintain ties with your brother Because he will sometimes commit a sin and (sometimes) abstain from it Example Two: فمن شاء فليبخ ل و م ن شاء فالي ج د كفا ن ن د اكم عن جم يع املطال ب Page 34

35 Whoever desires may be stingy and whoever desires may be generous Your generosity is sufficient for all my needs difference) (to show that there is no تسوية 6. Example One: اص رب و ا أو ال ت ص رب و ا Exercise patience or do not... (It will not make a difference.) Example Two: ع ش عز ي ز ا أو م ت و أنت كرمي بني طعن الق نا وخفق الب ن و د Live in honour or die in dignity between the wound of a spear and the fluttering of the flag (خم اط ب (to show inability of the تعجيز 7. أر و ن ب ي ال ط ال ع م ر ا ب ب خ ل ه و هات و ا كر ي ا م ات م ن كثرة الب ذ ل Show me a miser who lived for a long time due to his miserliness And bring me a generous man who died due to excessive spending warn) (to هتديد 8. إذا ل ت ش ع اق ب ة الل ي ايل - و ل ت س ت ح ي ف اص ن ع م ا ت ش اء When you don t fear the outcome of the nights And you have no shame, do as you please! Page 35

36 permissibility) (to show إباحة 9. ك ل و ا و اش ر ب و ا و ال ت سر ف و ا Eat and drink but do not waste! Chapter Two (B) النهى is when a person in authority commands his subordinate هنى not to do an action. املض ر ع م ع ال الن اه ية viz. هنى There is only one word form for و ال تقرب وا ما ل اليتي م ه ى أحس ن إال بالىت Do not approach the wealth of the orphan except in the manner that is best. أصل is sometimes used for meanings other than it s هنى (original) meaning. Some of these other meanings are: Allah) (when making du aa to دعاء 1. ال ت ش م ت يب األ ع د ا ء Do not cause the enemies to take pleasure in my difficulty Page 36

37 request) (to التماس 2. فال ت ب ل غاه ما أقول فإن ه ش ج اع م ىت ي ذك ر له الطعن ي شت ق Don t inform him of what I say because He s a brave man who yearns to go to battle whenever it is mentioned (Praising the bravery of Saif-ud-Dawlah, Al-Mutanabbi is requesting two imaginary companions not to inform Saif-ud-Dawlah of what he was saying regarding him because...) (desire) متىن 3. صخر الن دى كيا ن ل أع ي ين ج و د ا و ال جت م د ا - أال ت ب O my eyes, be generous and don t stay dry Will you not cry for Sakhr The Generous? (Lamenting the death of her brother, Khansaa is desiring to never stop crying for him.) (advice) ارشاد 4. (reprimand) توبيخ 5. ال جتلس إىل أهل الدنايا فإن خالئق السفهاء ت عد ى Don t sit with disgraceful people Surely the habits of fools are contagious ال تنه عن خ ل ق و تأت ى م ثل ه ع ار علي ك إذا فعلت عظيم Page 37

38 Don t prohibit an action and (then) commit the same It will be a great shame on you if you do so hopelessness) (to create تيئيس 6. warning) (a هتديد 7. ال تعتذروا قدكفرمت بعد إ يانكم Do not apologise; you disbelieved after bringing Imaan. Warning an subordinate, you would say to him: ال متتثل أمرى (Don t fulfill my command!) belittle) (to حتقري 8. ال تشرت العبد إال و الع ص ا معه إن العب ي د ألجن اس م ن اك ي د Don t purchase a slave except if the stick is with him Slaves are undoubtedly impure and troublesome Chapter Two (C) اإلتستفها is the seeking of knowledge regarding something استفهام which is previously unknown. مهزة Among them are استفهام of أدوات There are many different هل and Page 38

39 things: is utilised to determine two مهزة (an individual). In this مفرد Determination of a تصيور 1. instance the مهزة will be followed by the مسئ و ل عنه (issue being enquired). In most instances this will be followed مسئ و ل (something equal to the م عاد ل and thereafter a أم by (عنه أأنت امل ساف ر أم أخ و ك Are you the traveler or your brother? The questioner knows that either the خماطب or his brother ن سبة is a traveler. His question is therefore not about خماطب (attribution of description). He is not asking the what are you? The aim of the question is merely to determine who is the traveler. description). (attribution of ن سبة Determination of تصديق 2. مسئ و ل will be mentioned after the م عاد ل In this instance no عنه أيصدع الذهب Does gold rust? This question is not regarding determination of a مفرد Its is regarding ن سبة (can rust be attributed to gold?) will be م عاد ل In this instance too, no تصديق is only utilised for هل مسئ و ل عنه mentioned after the هل يعقل احليوان Page 39

40 The other أدوات اإلستفهام and there usages are reflected in the following table: ع قالء Specification of األداة م ن م ا م ىت أي ان كي ف أي ن أ ن كم أى اإلستعمال Explanation of an اسم or the حقيقة of a item Specification of time (past and present tense) Specification of time (future tense only) and is only used to instill fear Specification of حال (condition) Specification of مكان (place) Used for different purposes كيف In the meaning of م ن أين In the meaning of م ىت In the meaning of Specification of عدد (number) Specification of one of two items / people who have something in common between them. It is also utilised to زمان مكان حال عدد عاقل غري العاقل enquire about Since the usages of all the above أدوات fall under تصيور, the answer in each will be in the form of تعيني (specification) of مسئ و ل عنه the ##### ##### ##### Page 40

41 استفهام is often used for other meanings. Some of the other meanings for which it is used are: (negation) الن ف ي.1 هل ج زاء اإلحسان إإلحسان Is the compensation for good anything besides good? (disapproval) اإل ن ك ار 2. أغري اهلل ت دع و ن Do you worship somebody besides Allah? (The meaning of the aayah is: Do not worship anybody besides Allah!) (confirmation) الت ق رير.3 ه م ع ودا وأمض اه م ح س ام ا أل س ت أع م ه م ج ودا وأز ك ا - Aren t you the most generous among them as well as the most noble and the possessor of the sharpest sword? (The poet s intention is that the خماطب is definitely the most generous...) (reprimand) الت و بيخ.4 إالم اخل ل ف ب ي ن ك م إ ال ما - وه ذ ه الض جة الك رب ى ع الم ا Page 41

42 Till when will this discord between you continue? For what is this huge din about? importance) (to show التعظيم 5. أضاعوين وأي ف ىت أ ضاعوا They destroyed me And what a man they have destroyed? belittle) (to التحقري 6. و اجل ل م م ياكاف و ر من أي ة الطير ق يأيت مثل ك الك ر م - أين امل حاج From which path will honour ever reach you? Where are the blood-cupping instruments and the scissors, O Kaafoor? (Reminding Kaafoor of his past that he was lowly a blood-cupper the poet s aim is to belittle him.) slow) (description of something as االستبطاء 7. مىت نصر اهلل When is Allah s help going to come? amazement) (to express الت ع جب 8. أب ن ت الد ه ر ع نديك يل ب ن ت - فك يف و ص ل ت أن ت م ن الز حا م O daughter of time (fever), I have every daughter (every other difficulty) How did you reach me in the crowd? Page 42

43 (desire) الت م ين.9 هل لنا م ن ش ف ع اء في شف ع و ا ل نا Do we have any intercessors who will intercede on our behalf? (This statement will be uttered by the Kuffaar on the day of Qiyaamah. Their intention will be: If only we had intercessors...) desire) (arousing of التشويق 10. هل أد ليك م على جتارة ت نج ي ك م م ن عذاب أليم Should I show you a trade that will save you from a painful punishment? Chapter Two (D) التمني متىن is the yearning for something desirable but there is no hope in attaining it (irrespective of whether it is actually possible or not). ل ي ت is متىن The original word for الليل فيهكا ن شهر ا - ومر هنار ه م ر السحا ب فليت If only the nights in it (Ramadaan) are as long as a month And its days could pass like the passing of the days Page 43

44 متىن are also utilised for لعل and ل و, هل Sometimes Example One: هل لنا م ن ش ف ع اء في شف ع و ا ل نا Do we have any intercessors who will intercede on our behalf? Example Two: و ىل الشبا ب ح يد ة أ ي ام ه - لو أ ن ذل ك ي ش ت ر ى أ و ي ر ج ع Youth left in a condition that its days are praiseworthy If only that (youth) could be purchased or it could return Example Three: أ س ر ب ال ق طا ه ل م ن ي عري ج ناح ه - ل عل ي إ ىل من ق د ه وي ت أ ط ري O flock of birds, is there anyone who will lend me his wings? Probably I could fly to the one I love is the yearning for something desirable and there is ت ر ج ى hope in attaining it. ع س ى and لعل viz. ت ر ج ى Two words are used for ع س ى اهلل أن يأيت بالفتح Maybe (hopefully) Allah will grant us victory. ت ر ج ى is also used for ل ي ت Sometimes ف يا ل ي ت ما ب ي ين وب ني أح ب يت - م ن الب ع د ما ب يين وب ني امل صائ ب If only the distance between myself and my beloved Was like the distance between myself and my problems Page 44

45 Chapter Two (E) النداء حرف (to call someone) using a طلب اإلقبال is defined as نداء (consonant) that is a substitute of the verb أد ع و (I call). There are eight أدوات for نداء viz. المزة و أى و يا و آ و آى و أيا و ه يا و و ا (calling somebody close to نداء القريب are utilised for أى and المزة (متكل م the The rest of the أداوات are utilised for نداء البعيد (calling (متكل م somebody far from the Sometimes a person who is بعيد is treated as if he is قريب and hence called with the أداة for نداء القريب The reason for doing this is to indicate that although the خماطب is physically far from the متكل م, he is constantly in his thoughts and close to his heart. While in jail, Al-Mutanabbi wrote the following stanzas to the governor. ني وع ت ق الع بي د )5( أم ال ك ر ق ي وم ن ش أن ه - ه بات الليج د ع و ت ك ع ن د ان ق طا ع الر ج ا - ء وامل و ت مينكح بل الو ري د O owner of my bondage and he whose trait is bestowal of silver and freeing of slaves I beseech you at a time when I have no more hope and death is as close to me as my jugular vein Although the governor was not with Al-Mutanabbi in the jail, he used المزة His intention was to inform the governor Page 45

46 that although he is far from him, he has not stopped thinking of him. Hence, it is as if they are close to each other. Similarly, a person who is قريب is treated as if he is and hence called with any of the أدوات النداء besides المزة and أى There are various reasons for doing this: Indication to an extremely lofty status. أعظم يا ر ب إ ن ع ظ م ت ذنويبكث ر ة - ف ل ق د ع ل م ت بأن ع ف و ك O my Rabb, if my sins are too many I certainly know that your forgiveness is greater (Despite Allah s closeness to man, the poet addresses Allah using يا which is meant for نداء البعيد His intention in doing this is to indicate to the loftiness of Allah in comparison to himself (and everybody else). Indication to an extremely lowly status. ج ر ير امل ج ام ع أ ول ئ ك آب ائي ف ج ئ ين ب ث ل ه م - إذا مج ع ت نا يا Those are my ancestors, so show somebody like them When the assemblies assemble us O Jareer Despite the presence of the خماطب (whose name is Jareer) the poet used يا which, as mentioned above is meant for, in order to hint to his lowly status (Jareer, you نداء البعيد and your ancestors are no comparison to me and my ancestors) Page 46

47 Indication to the negligence or absent-mindedness of خماطب the أ يا جام ع الدني ا ل غ ري ب الغ ة - ل من جت م ع اليدن ي ا وأنت مت وت O gatherer of the dunya beyond his needs For who do you amass the dunya whereas you are going to die نداء is sometimes used for meanings other than the above. Some of them are: rebuke) (to الزجر 1. باهلل ق ل يل يا ف ال - ن و يل أقو ل و يل أ سائ ل أت ر يد يف الس بع ني ما - قدكن ت يف العشري ن فاع ل In Allah s name, please tell me O Fulaan (So-and-So) And I tell and ask myself (too) Do you desire to do in your seventies What you use to do in your twenties regret) (to express التحس ر 2. أعد اء ما للعي ش بعدك لذة و ال خلليل هبجة بلي ل O Addaa, neither is there any pleasure in life after you (after your death) Nor can a friend experience any joy from his friend Page 47

48 (incitement) اإلغراء 3. When a person hesitates in combating the enemy, it is said to him: يا شجاع أقد م O brave man, go ahead! علم المعانى Chapter Three الذكر و الحذف (mentioning of every word related to the meaning which ذكر you intend conveying to the (خماط ب is the أصل (general rule). However, if any word is understood from the rest of the statement, it should be omitted. Such omission is called حذف Due to various reasons, the above rules are often contradicted. Al-Maydaani has mentioned sixteen reasons for.ذكر We will suffice with the following: extra clarification زيادة التقرير و اإليضاح.1 أولئ ك ع لى ه دى م ن ر ب و أ ول ئ ك ه م املف ل ح و ن The second اسم اإلشارة (indicative pronoun) أو ل ئ ك would have been understood even if it was not mentioned. However, it was mentioned for زيادة اإليضاح (to clarify that Page 48

49 just as they are guided by Allah, they are the ones who will be successful in the hereafter). when either the reference of the rest of the قل ة الثقة بالقرينة 2. statement to this particular word is not clear enough or the خماط ب is not intelligent enough to understand it. While speaking of Zaid, you also spoke of somebody ن ع م الص د ي ق else. Thus, if you thereafter praise him saying (He is a excellent friend), the reference of this statement to Zaid would not be clear enough. Hence, you would ن ع م الص د ي ق ز ي د have to repeat the name of Zaid and say (Zaid is an excellent friend). (allusion to the feeble-mindedness of التعريض بغباوة السامع 3. the listener) When the idolaters asked Ibrahim alaihissalaam if it was he who had broken their idols, he replied: ب ل ف ع ل ه ك ب ي ر ه م هذ ا This big one among them did it. The meaning would have been clearly understood without the word هذ ا However, Ibrahim alais-salaam added it as a hint to his audience that they are really foolish. How can you worship such defenseless objects? (to seek confirmation التسجيل على السامع حىت ال يتأت ى له اإلنكار.4 from the listener in order to avert denial) Page 49

50 Zaid was accused of a particular crime. In the courtroom the judge asked the witness: ه ل رأيت زيد ا هذا يفع ل كذا (Did you see this Zaid doing such-and such? ) The witness replied: ن ع م رأيت زيد ا هذا يفع ل ( Yes, I saw this Zaid doing such-and such. The speech of the judge and the هذا witness are clearly understandable without the word However, they included it in their statements so that the accused would not have an opportunity to deny that هذا the witness was referring to him. (Due to the word the accused will not be able to say: He was referring to another Zaid!) To express amazement at التع يجب إذا كان احلكم غريبا.5 something unusual. There is a shoemaker by the name Masroor in the community. Nobody ever heard him delivering a khutbah in the past. Today somebody tells you that this afternoon Masroor delivered a captivating khutbah in the masjid. You cannot believe what you heard. In amazement you ask: م س ر و ر احلذ اء خ ط ب ىف املسجد (Masroor the shoemaker delivered a khutbah in the Masjid?) insult. To honour or التعظيم و اإلهانة 6. You are asked هل رجع األمري (Has the commander returned?) If he did return, it would be sufficient for you Page 50

51 to merely say ن ع م However, if his army was victorious, you do not suffice with ن ع م Instead, you say: ر ج ع املنص و ر (The victorious one has returned.) Similarly, if the army suffered defeat, you say رجع امله ز و م (The defeated one has ن ع م returned) instead of sufficing with Chapter Three (A) حذف المسند إليه reasons: for the following مسند إليه is applied to the حذف from anybody خرب Concealment of the إخفاء اخلرب عن غري املخاطب 1. خماطب besides the While Zaid and yourself were speaking of Bakr, somebody else joined the gathering. Thus both of you stopped speaking of Bakr. However, a few minutes later you saw Bakr coming towards the gathering. Since you did not want the third person in the gathering to know who you are أقبل بك ر (He came) instead of أق ب ل speaking of, you merely said (Bakr came). Circumstantial restriction. This could be due to ضيق املقام 2. pain or in order to avoid loosing the opportunity. Example One: قال ىلكيف أنت فقلت عليل سهر دائم و حزن طويل He asked me: How are you? I said: Ill; continuous sleeplessness and prolonged grief Page 51

52 The word أنا is حمذوف in the sentence فقلت عليل He should have said: أنا عليل However, an ill person does not talk much. Thus, حذف it was appropriate to make Example Two: Accompanying your friend on a hunting trip, you spotted a gazelle. Instead of saying something like: Look, there is a gazelle in that direction, you merely say: Gazelle! The reason being that if you choose the complete sentence, the animal may run away before you complete it. قافية or وزن Maintenance of the احملافظة على وزن أو قافية.3 فقال: حبيب ك ذ و خ ف ر و كب ي ر الس ن فقلت : فىت He said: Your beloved is shy and an old man I said: (He is) a young man! The complete sentence حمذوف is مسند إليه The مسند is the فىت should have been هو فىت However, the مسند إليه was omitted in order to maintain the وزن (scale) of the poem. usage. Adherence to common ات باع ا لالستعمال 4. When an unexpected person gets something correct, the you remark: ر م ية م ن غري ر ام (A shot without a shooter). This is supposed to be هذه ر م ية م ن غري ر ام م ص ي ب (This is a shot from a shooter who does not know how to shoot properly). However, the مسند إليه is omitted in accordance with common Arab usage. Page 52

53 cannot apply to anybody مسند Because the كون املسند ال يليق إال به 5. else. خ ال ق ك ل ش ي ء This statement supposed to be اهلل خ ال ق ك ل ش ي ء (Allah is the creator of everything). Since the مسند applies only to Allah, the مسند إليه is not mentioned. Chapter Three (B) حذف المسند و المفعول for the same reasons mentioned مسند is applied to the حذف above. Sometimes the مسند is omitted due to an indication to it in the rest of the statement. ف سي ق و ل و ن م ن ي ع ي د نا ق ل ال ذ ى ف ط ر ك م أ و ل م ر ة They will say: Who will return us (to life)? Say: He who created you in the first instance (will do so). Is indicated in the translation, the complete statement would have been: ي ع ي د ك م ال ذ ى ف ط ر ك م أ و ل م ر ة However, ي ع ي د ك م is already understood from the first part of the aayah (i.e. again. Hence there was no need to mention it.(ف سي ق و ل و ن م ن ي ع ي د نا Page 53

54 حذف المسند و المفعول reasons: for the following مفعول به is applied to the حذف To show a general meaning in a brief التعميم مع االختصار 1. manner. و اهلل ي د ع و إىل د ار الس ال م Allah calls to the land of peace. The مفعول به in this aayah is حمذوف in order to that Allah s invitation is general and encompasses everybody. قافية or وزن Maintenance of the احملافظة على وزن أو سجع.2 م ا و د ع ك ر بي ك و م ا ق ل ى - و ل ل خ ر ة خ ي ر ل ك م ن األ و ىل The مفعول به of ق ل ى has been omitted in order to maintain the (conformity between the end of the last words in each فاصلة aayah). a) verb that الفعل املتعدى Treatment of تنزيل الفعل املتع د ى منزلة الالزم.3 requires two objects) as if it is الزم (only requires one object). This is done when there is no purpose in mentioning the معمول ه ل ي س ت و ي ال ذ ي ن ي ع ل م و ن و ال ذ ي ن ال ي ع ل م و ن Are those who know and those who do not know equal? The مفعول به of ي ع ل م ون and ال ي ع ل م و ن has not been mentioned because doing so will serve no purpose. Page 54

55 Brevity طلب ا لالختصار 4. غ ف ر ل م ن ي ش اء ي He forgives whoever He desires. The مفعول به of ي غ ف ر (i.e. و ب (الذ ن is حمذوف for the sake of brevity. It was already mentioned تقيدم ذ ك ر ه 5. ي ح و الل ه م ا ي ش اء و ي ث ب ت Allah erases whatever He desires and He retains (whatever He desires) The مفعول به of و ي ث ب ت (i.e. م ا ي ش اء ) is حمذوف because it is already mentioned. علم المعانى Chapter Four التقديم و التأخير Utterance of all the أجزاء (parts) of a sentence at the same time is impossible. Mentioning some parts before the others is necessary. Hence, the two types of sentences اجلملة الفعلية and have specific sequences. However, there are a اجلملة اإلمسية number of reasons due to which these sequences are not adhered to. In such instances certain parts of the sentence are brought before their usual position. This is known as تقدمي Let us مسند إليه of the تقدمي now look at the reasons that warrant Page 55

56 which حمكوم عليه is the مسند إليه Importance. Since the األمه ية 1. always precedes the حكم, in اجلملة اإلمسية it should be mentioned before the rest of the sentence. Adherence to the rule. One example in this regard ات باع القواعد 2. is commencement with words that enjoy صدارة (appearing in the beginning). م ن ر ف ع األه ر ام (Who built the pyramids?) To arouse interest in the latter word. This التشويق إىل املتأخ ر 3. happens when there is an indication in the former word that the latter word is extra-ordinary. و ال ذ ى ح ار ت ال رب ي ة ف ي ه ح ي و ان م س تح د ث م ن مج اد The aspect regarding which the creation is astonished An animal created from a lifeless substance The reason for prior mentioning of و ال ذ ى ح ار ت ال رب ي ة ف ي ه is to arouse interest in ح ي و ان م س تح د ث م ن مج اد which is certainly extraordinary. (Note: ح ي و ان م س تح د ث refers to man and مج اد refers to the sperm from which man is created.) issues: This comprises of two الن يص على عموم السلب و سلب العموم.4 Page 56

57 a. Reference to general negation. This is achieved by mentioning of the أداة العموم (particles denoting generality) before the أداة النفى (particles of negation). ك يل ذل ك ل ي ك ن It was none of that! (Neither this nor that.) b. Negation of generality. This is achieved by mentioning of أداة العموم (particles of negation) before the أداة النفى the (particles denoting generality). ل ي ك ن ك يل ذل ك It wasn t all of that. (It wasn t both of them; but it could be one of them.) Specification التخصيص 5. Example One: م ا أنا ق ل ت I did not say so. (It was not I who said so.) Example Two: و م ا أنا أس ق م ت ج س م ى ب ه و ال أنا أض ر م ت ىف ق ل ب نار ا Neither did I quench my body with it Nor did I ignite a fire in my heart Page 57

58 Chapter Four (A) تقديم المسند, األمه ية) In addition to some of the reasons mentioned above for the مسند is applied to the تقدمي (التخصيص and ات باع القواعد, التشويق following reasons also: When the aspect mentioned first كون املتقدم حمط التع يجب أو اإلنكار.1 is the focus of a question, expression of one s amazement or disapproval. أ بعد ط و ل الت ج ر ب ة ت ن خ ض ع هب ذ ه الز خ ار ف After so much of experience are you still deceived by this embellishment? The متكلم is expressing his amazement that the خماطب was deceived after all his experience. Because بعد ط و ل الت ج ر ب ة (after so much experience) is the focus of his تع يجب, he mentioned it before the rest of his sentence. poetry) (in وزن Maintenance of احملافظة على وزن 2. إذا ن ط ق الس ف ي ه ف ال جت ب ه ف خ ي ر م ن إجاب ت ه الس ك و ت When a fool speaks, don t answer him Silence is better than answering him (i.e. مسند إليه and it was brought before the مسند is the خ ي ر وزن was to maintain the (الس ك و ت Page 58

59 omen. Expression of a good التفاؤل 3. When visiting an ill person, you tell him: ىف عاف ي ة أن ت إ ن ش اء الل ه You will be well, Insha Allah. (أن ت (i.e. مسند إليه and it is brought before the مسند is the ىف عاف ي ة التفاؤل for the sake of 4. When the مسند is the عامل, the مسند إليه is the معمول and there is مسند إليه no purpose in delaying the قام زيد Zaid stood up. Chapter Four (B) ترتيب الجملة الفعلي ة The basic sequence of a any مجلة فعلي ة is: ق ي و د All other املفعول ألجله الظرف املفعول املطلق املفعول به الفاعل الفعل 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 th However, due to various reasons, the above sequence is often not adhere to. Mentioned below are a few of these reasons. to the حكم Specification (Restriction of the إرادة التخصيص 1. aspect that is mentioned first). Page 59

60 إياك نعب د و إياك ن س ت ع ني You alone do we worship and from you alone do we ask and نعب د but it was brought before the verbs املفعول به is the إياك purpose. for the above ن س ت ع ني To show importance of the aspect that is االهتمام بشأن املقد م 2. mentioned first). ب و ال د ي ك ك ن ب را To your parents, be kind. خماطب was mentioned first in order to highlight to the ب و ال د ي ك the importance of his parents. Rectification of an error in إرادة رد اخلطأ ىف التعيني أو االشرتاك.3 identification between two or more items or people. You told me that you had spoken to Zaid. A little while later I got confused and said: But you spoke to Bakr? In response you said: ز يد ا كل م ت It was Zaid that I had spoken to. An indication to التنبيه على أن املقد م هومناط اإلنكار أو االستغراب أو االستعظام.4 the disapproval, strangeness or extra-ordinary nature of the aspect mentioned first. ر ج ل ك مت يد إيل د و ن اح رت ام Your feet stretch towards me without any respect! Page 60

61 it. and should have appeared after مت يد of مفعول به is the ر ج ل ك However, it was brought before in order to show disapproval. prose) (in سجع poetry), (in وزن Maintenance of احملافظة على وزن 5. and فاصلة at the end of Qur aanic aayaat). ج اء ه م م ن ر ب ه م ال د ى Guidance came to them from the Rabb. م ن ر ب ه م and should appear before the words فاعل is the ال د ى However, it was brought at the end in order to maintain the فاصلة Importance. األمه ية 6. قتل اخلارجى زيد Zaid killed the Khaarijy. Due to the Khaarijy s mischief, the news that he was killed was important. Thus اخلارجى which is the مفعول به was brought before the فاعل (i.e. Zaid). misunderstanding. Avoidance of possible التخليص م ا ي و ه م معىن غ ي ر م ر اد.7 الل ه و ق د ج اء ك م ب ال ب ي ن ا ت ي ك ت م إ ي ان ه أ ت ق ت ل و ن ر ج ال أ ن ي ق و ل ر يب و ق ال ر ج ل م ؤ م ن م ن آ ل ف ر ع و ن م ن ر ب ك م And a believing man from the family of Fir aun who was concealing his imaan said: Do you slay a man because he says: My Rabb is Allah...? Page 61

62 The purpose of the words م ن آ ل ف ر ع و ن is to inform the reader of the Qur aan that this man was a Coptic and not an Isra eeli. ي ك ت م إ ي ان ه They were mentioned before in order to avoid the misconception that he was only concealing his imaan from Coptics. علم المعانى Chapter Five التعريف و التنكير The مسند إليه is حمكوم عليه (the item to which the حكم is attributed). Hence it has to be a معرفة (definite noun). معرفة There are eight types of الضمري.1 الع ل م.2 اسم اإلشارة.3 اسم املوصول.4 احمل ل ى بأل.5 املضاف إىل معرفة.6 املناد ى.7 الضمير الضمري is utilised to indicate خ طاب, تكل م or غ ي ب ة in a concise manner. Page 62

63 (specific) person who معني is used primarily to address a خ طاب.(متكل م (in the presence of the مشاه د is غري مشاه د However, it is also used to address somebody who is متكل م (absent) but in the heart (thoughts) of the إياك نعب د و إياك ن س ت ع ني (Although Allah is All-Knowing, All-Hearing and All-Seeing, غري man cannot see Him in the dunya. Thus it is as if He is (مشاه د (unspecified) person if غري معني is also used to address a خ طاب the aim of the متكل م is تعميم اخلطاب (a general address to anybody who is prepared to listen). اللئ ي م م ن إذا أحسن ت إليه أساء إليك A mean person is one who ill-treats you when you do good to him الع لم الع لم is utilised to bring it s meaning with it s خاص specific خماط ب name in the mind of the و إذ يرفع إب راهيم القواع د م ن البيت Recall the time when Ibrahim raised the foundations of the house (the Ka bah). However, it is sometimes utilised for other reasons like: Page 63

64 honour. To التعظيم 1. ركب سيف الد و لة الفرس Saif-ud-Dawlah mounted the horse. (Saif-ud-Dawlah was the title of Ali bin Abdillah bin Hamdaan who was the king of Halab.) disgrace. To اإلهانة 2. ذ ه ب ص خ ر Sakhr went. (This would apply if Sakhr is a harsh-hearted person.) To allude to it s original الكناية معناه اللغوى قبل نقله إىل الع لم ي ة.3 (literal) meaning before it became an ع لم (a proper noun). A person by the name of Mahmood brought you some good news. Thus you said: جاءنا احملمود بالبشائر using the word al-mahmood in it s original ل غ و ى) / literal) meaning (i.e. the praiseworthy one). اتسم اإلشارة اسم اإلشارة is utelised when it is the only available way to refer to the intended meaning. You see something on sale in a shop but you do not know what it is called. Thus, you point at it and tell the shopkeeper: ب ع ىن هذا (Sell me this!) Page 64