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The Relationship between Managerial Communication and Organizational Conflict Management Styles for Principals at Gaza Governorates Schools Abstract This study aimed at recognizing the practicing degree of school principals for "Managerial Communication" and its relation with "Organizational Conflict Management Styles" from their perspective. To achieve the purpose of the study, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method. In which the research was done on a random categorical sample, consisted of (240) school principals. The data was collected through a questionnaire especially designed for this purpose. The study concluded the following results:- The practicing degree of "Managerial Communication" fields for school principals in the governorates of Gaza was high (78.67%). The practicing degree of "Organizational Conflict Management Styles" was medial (65.55%), which arranged in descending order as follows: collaboration, compromising, accommodating, avoiding and competing. There was a positive relationship between "Managerial Communication" and "Organizational Conflict Management Styles" for school principals in the governorates of Gaza. The relation between "Informal Communication" and "Organizational Conflict Management Styles" was higher than the relation between "Formal Communication" and "Organizational Conflict Management Styles". There were no statistically significant differences at (α =0.05) in the answers of the principals about the "Managerial Communication", due to (gender, age, qualification, experience years, working place, grade, living place). There were no statistically significant differences at (α =0.05) in the answers of the principals about "Organizational Conflict Management Styles", due to (gender, qualification, working place, grade, living place). ه
There were statistically significant differences at (α =0.05) in the answers of the principals about "Organizational Conflict Management Styles", due to (age and experience years). In light of these results, the researcher recommended the followings:- Reinforce the dimensions of "Managerial Communication" for school principals in governorates of Gaza, because it is highly helped in "Organizational Conflict Management", and to increase awareness of school principals toward dealing with "Organizational Conflict". Researchers should be directed towards studying the relationship between "Managerial Communication" and "Organizational Conflict" from other different sides. و
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(2) التخطيط التوجيه ممارسة وظائف اإلدارة اإلنسانية التنظيمية التنظيم الرقابة توطيد العالقات أھمية االتصال اإلداري نقل المعلومات تحقيق األھداف أھداف المنظمة أھداف األفراد إدارة الصراع : : -4.(198 :2010 )..(234 ) 17
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(Bouidinj).(266 :1986 ) " (March & Simon)." " (Coser)." " (Thomas & Kilmann).(364-363 :2005 )" (Likert).(143 :2002 ) " (Pondy) (Robbins) " ".(232 :1999 ) " : (Dessler) :..(509-508 :1995 ) (Conflict).(276-275 :2000) 52
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-6.. -7-8.(435-434 :2000 ) -9-10. : -11.(321 :2004 ). -12.. -13.(255-254 :2000 ) : -14 : ) (http://www.hrdiscussion.com 55
(.. / / ) -1.......(435 :2000 ). -2-3 -4-5 -6 ( ) -7. ( )..(264 :2004 ) -8-9 -10...(257 :2010 ) -11-12 (March and Simon) 56 -:..
.(267 :1986 ) : (Hodje- and Anthony) : -1.. :. -2 : -3. : -4.. : -5.(267 :1986 ) (Katz & Kahn) :. :....(366-365 :2005 ). (1974). 57
....(296-295 :2001) : (Louis Pondy) : :Latent conflict. -1 :Perceived conflict -2. :Felt conflict. -3 :Manifest conflict / -4. :Conflict Management Aftermath ). -5 58
(. (7) (Pondy) الصراع الخفي Latent conflict إدراك الصراع Perceived conflict الشعور بالصراع Felt conflict الصراع الظاھر Manifest conflict ما بعد تسوية الصراع Conflict aftermath Source: George, Jennifer M. and Jones, Gareth R (2008), "Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior", 5 th Ed, Pearson Prentice Hall, United States of America. 59
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Joseph Lauft Harry Ingham (The Johari Window) : (7) (8) 2 HIDDEN SELF 4 UNDISCOVERED SELF 1 OPEN SELF 3 BLIND SELF Source: Luthans, Fred (1989), "Organizational Behavior", 5 th Ed, McGraw-Hill Book Com, United States of America. :. :.. :.. 62
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. : :(Olaniran,2010) -1 "Group communication and conflict management in an. electronic medium"....... :(Moreno,2009) -2 "Relationship task and process conflicts on team performance.the moderating role of communication media" (22). (22) (22) 99
.... :(Arlestig,2008) -3 "Structural prerequisites for principals and.teachers communication about teaching and learning issues". (12) (24) (2.5)..(%3) (%63).. :(Ayoko & Pekerti,2008) -4 "The mediating and moderating effects of conflict and.communication openness on workplace trust" 100
(510)..... :(Bambacas & Patrickson,2008) -5 "Interpersonal communication skills that enhance organisational commitment". (12) (100) (32). (20). :(Jong & others,2008) جونق وآخرون -6 "Virtual communicating conflicts and performance in teams, Team. performance Management". 101
. (172) (49).. :(De Nobile & McCormick,2008) دي نوبلي وماكورمك -7 "Organizational communication and job. satisfaction in Australian primary schools". (52) (356) :.... :.. :(Ayoko,2007) -8 "Communication openness conflict events and reactions to conflict in culturally diverse workgroups,.cross cultural management" 102.
..... :(Al-Ajmi,2007) -9 "The effect of personal.characteristics on conflict management style". (500).(%84) (420).. : (Koza & Dant,2006) -10 "Effects of relationship climate control mechanism and communications on conflict resolution behavior and performance.out comes".. (282) :..( ) 103
... :(Choudrie,2005) -11 "Understanding the role of communication and conflict on. reengineering team development" :.... :(Hunt & others,2000) -12 : "The communication experiences of education managers: identifying strengths, weaknesses and critical.incidents".. (19). (3) (6) :. (28).. 104
:(Black,1996) -13."Addressing the issue of good communication".... : : " " " " (2011 ) (2011 ) : (2009) (2009 ) (2009 ) ) (2008 ) (2008 ) (2008) (2006 ) (2007 ) (2008.(2002 ) "" (2009) : " " (2008) (2008) (2009 ) (2009) ) (2003 ) (2005 ) (2008 ) (1998 ) (1999 ) (2001 ) (2002 (Hunt & others,2008) (Arlestig,2008) (1995 ) 105
(Nobile & McCormick, 2008) (Bambacas & Patrickson,2008). (Black,1996) (2009 )." " " " (Moreno,2009) (Olaniran, 2010) : " " " " 2007) (Jong & others, 2008) (Ayoko & Pekerti, 2008).(Choudrie, 2005) (Koza & Dant,2006) (Ayoko, : " " " ".. " ". " " " " :. " ". " " " ( )." " " " - " " " "" " " " (2009 ).". ( ) 106
الثالث ال الفصل : : : 107
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. :. : : -1. (Statistical Package for Social Science) SPSS. : -2. 109
: (6) (397) (1). (1) % 43 %17.9 71 50 %20.7 82 52 %21.7 86 27 %11.3 45 47 %19.6 78 21 %8.8 35 240 %100 397 (30) (210) - - (187) 30) (%89) (217 = 187 + 110
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(67) (9).(1) -4 : ) :.( : : (3) (26). (7). (9) (5) : (10). (5) : (41) (9) : (5) (9) (7). (9) (7) " ".(3) (3) 5 4 3 2 1 " " (1). (%20) 112
: : -1 (8) (2).(1) - -2 Internal Validity (30).(3) (Spearman Correlation) (3).. α= 0.05 113
Structure Validity. (4) (Sig.).632 1.719 2.695 3.920 4.827 ( ) 5.739 6.635 7.677 8 *0.023.283 9.662 10.675 11.893.α= 0.05 * 114
(4). α= 0.05 Reliability : :. Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient.(5) (5) * 0.897 0.805 26 1 0.951 0.904 41 2 0.957 0.915 67 3 = * (5).(0.904 0.805).(0.915) (0.957).(0.951 0.897). 115
. (1). Normality Distribution Test : (6) *0.007 *0.005 *0.049 *0.006 *0.040 ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 116
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S) -.(6) (Sig.) (6) α = 0.05. : Statistical Package for (SPSS) the Social Sciences : :. -1. (Cronbach's Alpha) -2. (Spearman Correlation Coefficient). -3 (Sign Test). (3) -4 (Mann-Whitney Test). -5 (Kruskal Wallis Test ). -6 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test (K-S) -. -7 117
.. (397). (240) (30).. -. 118
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. (%52.3)." " " " "" - 2 (8) % 12 26 36 38.0 82 45 36 50.0 108 45 100.0 216 36 ) (%12) (8) ( (8) " " ( 36 ) " " (31=8+23) (23) 36 ) (4=31-35) (%50.0).( 36 ) ( (45).( 45 ) 121
- 3 ) (%11.1) (9).( 15 ) (%44.9) ( 5 (9) % 11.1 24 5 11.6 25 10 5 32.4 70 15 10 44.9 97 15 100.0 216.. - 4 (%2.3) (10) ( ) ( ) ( ) (%2.8). ( ) 122
. (10) % 2.3 5 79.2 171 15.7 34 2.8 6 100.0 216-5 (11) % 35.6 77 22.2 48 42.1 91 100.0 216 123
(%35.6) (11) (%42.1) (%22.2).. - -. (6) (3). - 6 (12) % 17.6 38 20.4 44 21.8 47 11.1 24 19.9 43 9.3 20 100.0 216 (%21.8) (12) (%9.3) (%11.1). 124
. - 7 (13) % 67.6 146 26.9 58 5.6 12 100.0 216 (%67.6) (13). : " " " " " : " "." " " - 1.(14). (3) () 125
(14) " " (.Sig) 5 14.35 88.36 4.42. 1 1 14.35 90.98 4.55. 2 4 14.05 88.37 4.42 /. 3 6 13.82 85.21 4.26. 4 7 13.76 84.28 4.21. 5 8 13.51 83.81 4.19. 6 2 13.87 88.88 4.44 /. 7 3 14.08 88.65 4.43 /. 8 / 9 12.47 82.43 4.12. 9 14.46 86.76 4.34. α = 0.05 * 126
: (14) (4.55) " " (%90.98) (5 ) (0.000) (Sig.) (14.35) α = 0.05 (3) (). / " (4.12) " (0.000) (Sig.) (12.47) (%82.43) α = 0.05 (3) (). (4.34) : (Sig.) (14.46) (%86.76) α = 0.05 " " (0.000) " (3) ()." " ". " " ". " " " " "." " " (2009 ) (2005). " 127
(Hunt & others,2008). " ". Bambacas & ) (Patrickson,2008. " " - 2.(15). (3) () : (15) " " (%87.63) (5 ) (4.38) (0.000) (Sig.) (13.65) α = 0.05 (3) (). " " (-3.48) (%50.28) (2.51) (0.000) (Sig.) α = 0.05. (3) () (3.82) : (Sig.) (13.33) (%76.47) 128
α = 0.05 " " (0.000) " (3) ()." (15) " " (.Sig) 3 12.12 81.03 4.05. / 1 2 12.83 82.79 4.14. 2 1 13.65 87.63 4.38. 3 4 11.64 78.21 3.91. 4 5 8.02 72.02 3.60. / 5 6 7.88 70.56 3.53. 6 7-3.48 50.28 2.51. 7 13.33 76.47 3.82. α = 0.05 * 129
" ). " (. " " " ". (2009 ). " " (2008 ). " " (Choudrie,2005).. (2008). "( ) " - 3.(16). (3) ( ) : (16) (5 ) (3.67) (11.84) (%73.37) "( ) " (0.000) (Sig.) α = 0.05 (3) ()."( ) " 130
(16) " " (.Sig) 13.08 80.52 4.03 4.73 66.28 3.31 11.84 73.37 3.67 ( ). α = 0.05 * ( ) (80.52) (4.03) " " (66.28) (3.31) " " " "." " " ". " ".(17). (3) () 131
(17) " " (.Sig) 3 13.08 83.15 4.16. 1 5 9.61 74.79 3.74. 2 2 12.63 83.24 4.16. 3 1 13.10 84.93 4.25. 4 4 10.46 76.47 3.82. 5 13.08 80.52 4.03. α = 0.05 * : (17) " (5 ) (4.25) " (0.000) (Sig.) (13.10) (%84.93) α = 0.05 (3) (). 132
(3.74) " " (9.61) (%74.79) α = 0.05 (0.000) (Sig.) (). (3) (4.03) : (13.08) (%80.52) " " (0.000) (Sig.) α = 0.05 (3) ()." " : " " " ". " ".(18). (3) () : (18) " " (%83.43) (5 ) (4.17) (0.000) (Sig.) (12.90) α = 0.05 133
(3) (). (18) " " (.Sig) 2 4.45 68.09 3.40. 1 1 12.90 83.43 4.17. 2 3 5.67 67.98 3.40. 3 4 4.67 66.70 3.33. 4 5-7.17 44.74 2.24. 5 4.73 66.28 3.31. α = 0.05 * " (%44.74) (2.24) " (0.000) (Sig.) (-7.17) α = 0.05 (3) (). 134
(3.31) : (Sig.) (4.73) (%66.28) " " (0.000) α=0.05 (3) ()." " ". " " " " ". " " " ". (2005 ) " ". " ".(19). (3) ( ) : (19) (5 ) (3.93) (14.46) (%78.67) (0.000) (Sig.) α = 0.05 (3) (). 135
(19) " " (.Sig) 14.46 78.67 3.93. α = 0.05 * :. (4.34) " " (3.82) " " ( ) " " ) (3.67) (%86.76) (%76.47).(%73.37) (2009) (2001 ) (. (2009 ).. (2008).(%73.6) 136
(Arlestig,2008). (Nobile & McCormick, 2008).. : " " " " : " "." " " " " " " " - 1.(20). (3) () : (20) " " (%80.00) (5 ) (4.00) (0.000) (Sig.) (10.34) α = 0.05 (3) (). " / " (-10.56) (%38.60) (1.93) (0.000) (Sig.) α = 0.05. (3) () 137
(20) " " (.Sig) 8-8.99 42.62 2.13. 1 9-10.56 38.60 1.93. / 2 4 *0.001-3.04 53.90 2.69 /. 3 1 10.34 80.00 4.00. 4 7-8.00 45.40 2.27. 5 3 0.311 0.49 60.83 3.04. 6 6-4.87 51.57 2.58. 7 5-3.69 53.52 2.68. / 8 2 0.314 0.49 61.02 3.05. 9-5.65 54.25 2.71. α = 0.05 * 138
(2.71) : (Sig.) (-5.65) (%54.25) α = 0.05 " " (0.000) " (3) ()." " "... " " (2011 ) ( ) (2009 ).(%55.4). (%55) ( ).(%58.5) ( ) (2009 ).(%56) ( ) (2008 ).(%55) ( ) (2008 ).(%53) ( ) (2002 ) (2008) ).(%47.6) ( ).(%70.4) (2008 " " - 2.(21). (3) () 139
(21) " " (.Sig) / 6-10.98 39.26 1.96. 1 5-10.77 39.91 2.00. 2 8-12.25 33.08 1.65. 3 3-8.50 43.19 2.16. / 4 / 7-10.06 38.88 1.94. 5 2-7.69 46.57 2.33. 6 4-8.09 41.85 2.09. / 7 1-6.19 48.41 2.42. 8-11.51 45.47 2.27. α = 0.05 * 140
: (21) " " (%48.41) (5 ) (2.42) (0.000) (Sig.) (-6.19) α = 0.05 (3) (). " (%33.08) (1.65) " (0.000) (Sig.) (-12.25) α = 0.05 (3) (). (2.27) : (Sig.) ( 11.51) (%45.47) α = 0.05 " " (0.000) " (3) ().". " " " " " " " ". 141
. (2009 ) (2002 ).(%40).(%39) (2011 ).(%59.9) (2009 ).(%68).(%53) (2008 ) " " - 3.(22). (3) () : (22) / " (%86.94) (5 ) (4.35) " (0.000) (Sig.) (13.91) α = 0.05 (3) (). " " (12.57) (%79.16) (3.96) (0.000) (Sig.) α = 0.05. (3) () 142
(22) " " (.Sig) 4 12.41 82.80 4.14. / 1 1 13.91 86.94 4.35 /. 2 2 13.88 86.20 4.31 /. 3 3 13.67 86.02 4.30 /. 4 7 11.65 79.72 3.99. 5 8 11.58 79.62 3.98. 6 5 12.88 81.58 4.08. 7 6 13.07 81.40 4.07 /. 8 9 12.57 79.16 3.96. 9 14.05 82.65 4.13. α = 0.05 * 143
(4.13) : (Sig.) (14.05) (%82.65) α = 0.05 " " (0.000) (3) ()." " " "... } : (2:) {.. " (2008 ).(%76.8) (3.84) " (2011 ).(%81.1) (4.07) " " (4.42) " " (2008) (2009 ).(%88.4) " ".(83.8) (4.19) " " (2009 ) (2007 ).(2006 ) (2011 ) (2002 ).(%58) 144
" " - 4.(23). (3) () (23) " " (.Sig) 1 14.08 83.26 4.16. 1 4 8.39 74.27 3.71. 2 6 6.47 69.77 3.49. 3 7 *0.002-2.88 54.60 2.73. 4 2 13.90 82.71 4.14. 5 3 11.18 76.53 3.83. 6 5 7.99 71.16 3.56. 7 12.90 74.71 3.74. α = 0.05 * : (23) 145
) (4.16) " " (14.08) (%83.26) (5 (0.000) (Sig.) α = 0.05. (3) () " (%54.60) (2.73) " (0.000) (Sig.) (-2.88) α = 0.05 (3) (). (3.74) (Sig.) (12.90) (%74.71) α = 0.05 " " (0.000) " (3) ()." " ". " ".. 146
" (2011 ) " (2009 ).(%71.6).(%80.1) (2008 ).(%70.6) (2008 ).(%57) " " - 5 : (24). (3) () " (%80.65) (5 ) (4.03) " (0.000) (Sig.) (12.81) α = 0.05 (3) (). (2.72) " " (-3.43) (%54.42) α = 0.05 (0.000) (Sig.) (). (3) 147
(24) " " (.Sig) 7 6.30 69.95 3.50. 1 3 11.34 78.41 3.92. 2 2 11.54 80.19 4.01. 3 9-3.43 54.42 2.72. 4 8 0.248 0.68 61.51 3.08. 5 1 12.81 80.65 4.03. 6 5 9.40 73.58 3.68. 7 5 9.02 73.58 3.68. 8 4 8.88 74.51 3.73. 9 11.25 71.86 3.59. α = 0.05 * 148
(3.59) : (Sig.) (11.25) (%71.86) α = 0.05 " " (0.000) " (3) ()." " ". ".. " (2011 ).(%70) " " " " (2008 ) (2009 ).(%70).(%72.23) () () (2008) ).(%84.2).(3.70) () (2009 (2002 ) " ".(%39) () ) (2011 ) (2008 ) : " ". (2007 149
" ".(25). (3) ( ) : (25) (5 ) (3.28) (9.32) (%65.55) (0.000) (3) (Sig.) α = 0.05 (). (25) " " (.Sig) 4-5.65 54.25 2.71 5-11.51 45.47 2.27 1 14.05 82.65 4.13 2 12.90 74.71 3.74 3 11.25 71.86 3.59 9.32 65.55 3.28. α = 0.05 * 150
(25) ( ) ( ) (%70).(%55) " " " " (74.71) " " (%82.65) (%54.25) " " (%71.86).(%45.47) " ". :. :. :. ) α = 0.05 Sig.(P-value) (SPSS Sig.(P-value) α = 0.05. 151
. (.Sig) (.351) (26) α = 0.05 (0.000).(α =0.05) (26) " " " " (Sig.).351.α = 0.05 * " " " ". (.351) :.. 2007) (Moreno,2009) (Choudrie,2005) (Koza & Dant,2006) (Ayoko,. 152
:. 1-1 (.Sig) (.193) (27) α = 0.05 (0.002) " " " ".(α =0.05) (27) " " " " (Sig.) 0.347 0.027 0.442-0.010.410 *0.001.216 *0.005.177 *0.002.193.α = 0.05 * " " (.193) " " " " " "... 153
(27) " " " " " " " ". " " " " " " " " " ". " " " ". (2009 ).. 1-2 (.Sig) (.286) " " (.286) " " α = 0.05 154 " " (28) " " (28). " " " " " " (28) (0.000).(α =0.05) " ". " ".. " " " ".
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" " "... " (29) " " " " (Sig.) *0.045.116 *0.005.175 *0.003.186.304.321.295.α = 0.05 * " " " " (29) " " " ". " ". " " " " " " " ". 156
1-3-1. (.Sig) (.206) (30) α = 0.05 (0.001) " " " ".(α =0.05) " " (.206) " " " "... " " (30) " " " " (Sig.) 0.401 0.017 0.412 0.015.299.339 *0.004.181 *0.001.206. α = 0.05 * " " (30) " " " " 157
. " "." " " " " " ". 1-3-2. (.Sig) (.241) (31) α = 0.05 (0.000) " " " ".(α =0.05) (31) " " " " (Sig.) *0.028.130 *0.001.206 0.059 0.107 *0.004.179.291.241.α = 0.05 * " (31) (.241) " " " 158
" " "... " " (31) " " " " ". " " " ". (32) " ( ) " " " (Sig.) *0.001.206.241.295 ( ).α = 0.05 * " " " " (32) (0.000) (0.001) (.Sig) (.241) (.206) " α = 0.05 " " " " " " " ".(α =0.05) " " " " " "." 159
" ". (α 0.05) ).( " - " ". ". (3) : (α 0.05) 2-1.( ) (Sig.) " " (33) α = 0.05.. : " " "".... 160
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(α 0.05) 2-2. (Sig.) " -" (34) α = 0.05 " ". (34). ( 36 ) " ".( 36 ) (34) - - (.Sig) 45 36 36 45 0.806 3 0.979 108.2 104.8 118.7 0.171 3 5.011 106.7 102.2 134.0 0.991 3 0.107 109.6 107.9 105.4 0.248 3 4.129 104.3 106.7 132.3 0.730 3 1.298 105.8 108.1 121.7 ) ( 0.294 3 3.718 106.4 104.5 131.5. α = 0.05 * 162
:.. (α 0.05) 2-3. (35) - - (.Sig) 20 10 15 5 10 5 0.592 3 1.909 111.7 100.1 107.4 116.5 0.093 3 6.422 111.6 93.5 123.4 119.2 0.634 3 1.712 112.2 101.3 116.3 106.6 0.762 3 1.162 111.6 103.0 115.2 104.9 0.537 3 2.175 112.2 99.9 117.3 109.2 ) ( 0.235 3 4.257 112.1 96.4 117.9 119.4 (Sig.) " -" (35) α = 0.05 " " 163
. (35) ( 5 )..( 5 ) (35).. (1999 ). (2001 ) (2008 ).. (2009 ) (2009 ). (1998 ).. (Nobile & McCormick, 2008) (Black,1996).. 164
(α 0.05) 2-4. (Sig.) " - " (36) α = 0.05 " ". (36) - - (. Sig) 0.709 3 1.386 104.1 117.6 105.8 123.5 0.109 3 6.044 166.3 113.7 104.9 104.0 0.106 3 6.110 151.8 119.5 103.9 138.4 0.360 3 3.213 152.0 105.6 107.2 119.1 0.112 3 5.986 164.6 110.5 105.5 131.7 ) ( 0.087 3 6.570 162.8 117.0 104.3 130.3. α = 0.05 * :. 165
.. (2008 ). (2001 ) (1998 ).. (1999 ). (2009 ) (2009 ). Nobile 2008). (& McCormick,. (Black,1996). (α 0.05). 2-5 (Sig.) " - " (37) α = 0.05 " ".. 166
(37) - (.Sig) 0.592 2 1.050 0.551 2 1.192 0.638 2 0.898 0.883 2 0.248 0.799 2 0.448 ( ) 0.939 2 0.126 (37). (α 0.05) 2-6. (Sig.) " - " (38) α = 0.05 " ".. (38) ( ).( ). 167
(38) - - (.Sig) 0.266 5 6.438 79.5 112.0 111.9 101.7 118.9 111.4 0.121 5 8.721 74.3 112.2 101.0 113.0 120.9 104.6 0.399 5 5.142 85.5 122.0 109.2 110.8 103.8 107.4 0.291 5 6.163 103.6 116.2 104.6 98.9 124.9 97.8 0.548 5 4.013 96.9 119.9 102.8 103.7 117.3 101.1 ) ( 0.103 5 9.156 78.0 119.5 100.2 106.0 122.9 103.8. α = 0.05 * (38). 168
.. (2008 ).( ) (α 0.05) 2-7. (Sig.) " - " (39) α = 0.05 " ".. (39) - (.Sig) 0.682 2 0.765 0.843 2 0.341 0.511 2 1.341 0.615 2 0.971 0.469 2 1.515 ( ) 0.383 2 1.918 169
(α 0.05) ).( : (α 0.05). 3-1 (40) - (.Sig) 0.442-0.769 0.250-1.150 0.055-1.920 0.275-1.092 0.435-0.781 0.549-0.599 (Sig.) " " (40) α = 0.05 " " 170
. :.. (2009 ). (2002 ). (2008 ) (2008 ). (2011 ).. (α 0.05). 3-2 (Sig.) " -" (41) ) α = 0.05 ( " " α = 0.05 (Sig.) " ".. 171
(41) ( 36 ) 36 )..( (41) - - (.Sig) 45 36 36 45 *0.005 3 12.682 100.3 106.9 150.2 *0.004 3 13.098 106.2 98.8 147.7 0.768 3 1.136 105.2 111.0 116.9 *0.023 3 9.528 99.7 108.5 142.8 *0.005 3 12.673 98.2 108.7 147.7 3 17.743 98.3 107.5 157.6. α = 0.05 * ( ) ). ( 172
36 ) ( 36 ).( 45 ) ( 45 ( 36 ).. (2008 ) (2006 ). (2008 ).. (α 0.05) 3-3. (Sig.) " - " (42) ( ) α = 0.05. ( ) (Sig.) ( ) α = 0.05. ( ). 173
(42) ( 5 ).. (5) (42) - - (.Sig) 15 10 15 5 10 5 3 19.257 100.9 95.3 139.6 145.5 0.054 3 7.656 102.3 102.2 125.3 134.4 0.705 3 1.404 112.1 101.3 112.6 110.8 *0.001 3 16.824 94.6 104.8 139.7 137.9 *0.031 3 8.847 107.0 95.0 123.2 134.1 *0.001 3 16.656 99.8 98.1 138.2 142.7. α = 0.05 * (2008). (2002) 174
. (2008 ). (2009 ) (2008). (2011 ). (2008 ).. (2011 ) (2008 ). (2007 ).. (α 0.05). 3-4 (Sig.) " - " (43) α = 0.05 " " "." " α = 0.05 (Sig.) ".. 175
" " (43) ( ) )..(. (43) - - (. Sig) 0.616 3 1.794 129.9 103.6 108.0 134.5 0.176 3 4.940 148.1 103.6 106.9 149.8 0.062 3 7.342 42.7 114.5 110.0 96.5 *0.032 3 8.782 123.3 132.1 101.7 141.4 0.862 3 0.749 119.3 108.5 106.9 127.6 0.260 3 4.015 129.1 119.2 104.6 144.9. α = 0.05 * :... 176
(2011 ) (2011).. (2009 ). (2008 ). (2008 ) (2006 ). (2007 ).. (2008 ) (2008 ).. (2002 ). (2008)." " (α 0.05). 3-5 (Sig.) " - " (44) α = 0.05 " " 177
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(Sig.) " " α = 0.05. (45) - - (.Sig) *0.040 5 11.649 110.3 99.2 116.3 86.7 124.0 122.2 0.308 5 5.978 116.2 103.8 110.2 110.8 122.0 90.2 0.093 5 9.434 105.1 121.7 135.1 95.7 103.8 99.8 0.306 5 6.004 91.3 124.0 111.8 109.8 106.8 95.5 0.163 5 7.875 135.9 103.6 101.9 102.9 119.3 95.1 0.394 5 5.181 124.1 109.6 113.1 96.3 118.8 99.3. α = 0.05 * " " (45) ( )..( ) 179
(2008 ). (2002). (2007 ). (α 0.05). 3-7 (46) - (.Sig) 0.177 2 3.459 0.322 2 2.264 0.176 2 3.476 0.782 2 0.491 0.866 2 0.287 0.728 2 0.635 (Sig.) " - " (46) α = 0.05 " " 180
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(2).. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 204
(3) (.Sig) " ".589. 1.529. 2.640 /. 3.488. 4.547. 5.550. 6.622. / 7.653. / 8.523 /. 9 " ".500. / 1 *0.001.429. 2 *0.027.275. 3 205
(.Sig).583. 4.576. / 5.578. 6.595. 7 " ".652. 1.687. 2 *0.001.426. 3.560. 4.534. 5 " ".813. 1.533. 2.791. 3.693. 4 206
(.Sig).767. 5 " ".623. 1.589. / 2.699 /. 3 *0.006.351. 4.712. 5.552. 6.713. 7.713 /. 8 " ".713 /. 1.787. 2 207
(.Sig).751. 3.725. / 4.723 /. 5.636. 6.730. 7 " ".469 /. 1.680 /. 2.713. / 3.733 /. 4.597. 5 *0.002.411. 6.572. 7.479. / 8 208
(.Sig) *0.004.371. 9 " " *0.012.317. 1.542. 2.584. 3.631. 4 *0.002.397. 5.640. 6.592. 7 " " *0.001.435. 1 *0.001.432. 2 *0.011.326. 3.722. 4.729. 5 209
(.Sig) *0.001.444. 6.689. 7.704. 8.659. 9.α= 0.05 * 210